Home Alone essays

Home Alone articles In 1990, the hit parody Home Alone was discharged on record. This film is a dreadful, detestable, what's more, twisted movie. In a similar regard, I think it is probably the most amusing film I have ever observed. For those of you who don't recall this film, it was about the McAllister familys get-away and by one way or another Macaulay Culkin (Kevin) was erroneously ventured out from home alone. In the mean time that same morning Kevin accepts that by one way or another his desire has at long last worked out as expected; hes at long last freed of his family! He can bounce on the beds, watch R-evaluated films, eat gobs of frozen yogurt and potato chips, furthermore, glance through his more established siblings stuff. Kevin additionally needs to manage the startling heater in the basement which has all the earmarks of being a beast, the elderly person nearby who is a snow-scooping killer, what's more, in conclusion the two hoodlums who attempt to break into his home. This film intently matches what Since the time I was a young lady my folks have consistently instructed me not to converse with outsiders, open the entryway, or pick up the telephone. At the point when my family moved into a little culdesac improvement my guardians strengthened those rules. I lived in my new house about a year before the endeavored break-in. There are just fifteen houses in my turn of events, and most of the families that live in these houses are resigned. The vast majority would think my neighborhood is a generally wrongdoing free spot. It was the late spring of fourth grade. I was nine years of age, going on sixteen. I thought I was so full grown and could deal with myself. So when my mom needed to leave for a business meeting and would just be away for 60 minutes, I seized the chance to remain at home without anyone else. Much to my dismay this would be one of the most horrendous encounters of my life. The bad dream started around twenty minutes after my mother left for her conference. I was loosening up first floor eating on all the things my mother ordinarily would not permit me to eat, ... <!

Cellular Phone Buying Guide Essays - Technology, Mobile Phones, ATT

Phone Buying Guide Phones are currently possessed by one out of three individuals living in the United States. It is accepted that this number will approach, and presumably reach, one out of two inside the short future. With such a large number of organizations delivering and promoting the utilization of PDAs, rates for their utilization have drastically decreased inside the last four to five years. The size of the telephones has diminished, while their number of highlights and convenience has expanded. Simple associations are presently getting out of date, for the more clear and battery-sparing computerized association. Numerous units available presently are tri-mode, implying that notwithstanding simple they utilize the advanced signs of TDMA and CDMA. Steps like these have made portable correspondence progressively famous just as solid. With this prevalence, organizations have had the option to diminish their month to month rates while offering numerous highlights complimentary, highlights that the client is acquainted with paying for on their home telephone line. This opposition has driven numerous to utilize their wireless as their primary telephone, or even their lone telephone. A portion of the highlights that have made cell interchanges so well known are the accompanying: free evenings and additionally ends of the week, guest recognizable proof, call sending, three-way calling, phone message, content informing and Internet get to. Huge numbers of these highlights are either free or of exceptionally minimal effort. At the point when joined with the clever utilization of pinnacle minutes and free evenings and ends of the week (for the most part between 8 am and 8 pm), a purchaser can rapidly locate that a wireless arrangement is less expensive than their home telephone plan. The issue is discovering which supplier, which plan, and which telephone bode well for every person. Inside this report is an exhaustive manual for the plans currently offered by the three significant suppliers of cell administration in our general vicinity. These suppliers are Sprint, Verizon, and Cingular Wireless (in the past Cellular One). In spite of the fact that their numerous plans are comparable, they can turn out to be incredibly befuddling. A calling plan ought to be picked dependent on the accompanying: 1) When the telephone will be utilized. 2) For to what extent every day it will be utilized. 3) Where the calls will be produced using. 4) Whom the client will call. These elements can rapidly get befuddling when you mull over the diverse home/wandering regions of every supplier. Both Verizon and Cingular now offer three designs for inclusion. One a nearby inclusion zone, which by and large covers from Buffalo to Albany from east to west, with a restricted inclusion north and south of the I-90. The subsequent arrangement offered by the two covers a decent part of the east coast, down through Maryland for Verizon, and through Virginia for Cingular. Both Verizon and Cingular have as of late added national designs to their accessible inclusion choices, and despite the fact that these plans are more costly than the nearby and provincial, they can bode well for some. Albeit a few zones are not secured inside these National Plans, they by and large spread the whole mainland United States. A decent bit of the Midwest for Cingular isn't secured while Verizon covers the vast majority of this region. Anyway Verizon doesn't cover a great part of the breadbasket of the US, specifically Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma, all of which have no inclusion. Runs plans are on the whole national, yet just for 300 significant metropolitan regions which avoids a large number of Americans, this prompts over the top meandering charges which can be collected due to legitimate need in ones old neighborhood. This is genuine particularly for the Midwest and the west coast. Contain ed on this page are the national inclusion territories of the three suppliers. The convoluted inclusion of these maps is regularly overlooked while one is on an excursion or making significant distance calls, that is the reason picking a neighborhood or local arrangement can frequently bode well. Runs Free and Clear arrangement, as should be obvious by the guide, is neither free nor clear in all regions. Despite the fact that their inclusion is extending, they are honest when they guarantee that their framework was developed from the beginning. Just their telephones utilize their Personal Communication System (PCS) towers, and a large number of their telephones don't work on a simple sign by any stretch of the imagination, and those that

A Little Commonwealth Essay Example For Students

A Little Commonwealth Essay The advanced picture of the New England Puritans, as one sees, is a dim one: the Puritans, strict dissidents who esteemed respectability and request, are viewed as a witch-trackers, dubious clan, and their very name conveys undertones of dismalness and tidiness. Where as the book A Little Commonwealth mirrors the situation wherein the Puritans lived. The majority of the houses in the Puritan Colonial time were little, dim, agonizing and meagerly outfitted. This permitted the Puritans to utilize each accessible space in the home. For models, the vast majority of the decorations and utensils utilized by the Puritans had more than one usea trunk would be utilized for capacity as well as for sitting upon or perhaps a table. In addition in view of their way of life, they needed to convey inventories, which were massive and were positioned at the corner. In a manner to show his/her remaining in the network and to affirm his/her own mental self portrait, the Puritans saw their riches by material and unmistakable acquisitions. Their humble dress demonstrated exactly what their standing was in the network. More garments, books (regardless of whether they couldn't peruse), cloths and such things were seen as cash in the bank, in spite of the fact that adornments, in any event, wedding rings, were not viewed as substantial riches in the Puritans. The families were extremely very close. While they lived in such confined quarters they were by all accounts ready to live serenely and by speak with one another. As opposed to quarrel among themselves the Puritans, by method for uprooted outrage, would frequently have contentions with their neighbors as opposed to upsetting the agreement in their own family. The majority of the families, inside a given network at a given point in time, exemplified the essential model of spouse, wife, and kids. While the nuclear family was close, the Puritans would frequently had agreement help, ideally by formal apprenticeship, on their youngsters because of absence of family space. Workers lived on very personal terms inside their new family however not similarly. On account of affliction of the Master, when the Master was well and, no longer wanted to have a hireling, or died, the agreement was esteemed satisfied. Now and again, the Master, in his will, would cause a particular to grant to the hir eling in of acknowledgment of their companionship and friendship to that worker appeared, however this was uncommon. Despite the fact that extraordinary Negros and Indians hirelings were typically viewed as a feature of the withering keeps an eye on home and were given to his beneficiaries alongside others sorts of properties. In contrast to todays immaturity, Puritan kids knew from an early age where they have a place in the family, what was anticipated from them and what they would do most likely for the remainder of their lives. The older folks accepted the youngsters ought not realize they have their very own will. From the earliest starting point they were dressed and treated as scaled down grown-ups and took in their stations by partaking in the exercises of their folks. This helped them develop early and play their separate jobs in the general public. Given that the Puritans were a strict gathering of individuals, still the relationships were performed by Civil Magistrates and were seen as a common service and not as a strict one. Being hitched and on their own a youthful wedded couple would even now be obliged to their folks most occasions until middle age inspired by a paranoid fear of exclusion of land that was given to them in marriage. On normal the time of marriage was a lot higher than one could picture. A male would wed when he would be 25-27, where as a female would wed by 20-22. Men required ladies to deal with their homes and imitate and ladies required men for budgetary strength ; security. Ladies once in a while had place where there is their own, the children would be given land and the ladies were given utensils or domesticated animals. The men were seen as the leader of the family. .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b , .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b .postImageUrl , .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b , .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b:hover , .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b:visited , .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b:active { border:0!important; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b:active , .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } . ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ucb96bf40d6531301b9d46a966ad5ea7b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Case Study: Ocean Carriers EssayIn synopsis, This book looks at the family with regards to the settlement established by the Pilgrims who came over on the Mayflower. The creator Basing his work on physical ancient rarities, wills, domain inventories, and an assortment of lawful and authority institutions, depicts the family as a structure of jobs and connections, underscoring those of a couple, parent and youngster, and ace and worker. In this characteristic setting for both overwhelming order and empowering and building up the character of individuals in the network; the family was answerable for the proper instruction, professional preparing and keeping in mind that the congregation had an influence in the network.

The Persuasive Essay Samples Staar Game

The Persuasive Essay Samples Staar Game You see, excellent arguments are the ones that make someone doubt their own beliefs. No matter what you decide, don't neglect to delight in the movie! If you opted to pick a specific side of the argument, you would want to clearly show your conclusion on the argument. You might also see persuasive speech. Within this sense, the academic significance of the word discuss is comparable to the everyday meaning, of two people referring to a topic from other sides. The word itself is a nightmare to numerous students, particularly to those who dread writing. These words and phrases may be used. Top Persuasive Essay Samples Staar Choices Then you're interested in figuring out how to compose persuasive paper. The perfect way to expand vocabulary and increase a student's reading comprehension is by introducing them to books which are both interesting and challenging at the very same time. Gather your son's or daughter's reading material from various sources, like books, plays, poetry, and news articles. Start by employing simple words. Partner or group work Setting aside a couple of minutes in class for students to converse with one another about their writing can be useful. People are now overly determined by technology. See Writing Guides for examples of this sort of handout. You might also see analytical essay. You might also see expository essay. You can also see descriptive essay. What's a persuasive essay. Quite simply, essay writing was classified as a formal and informal type of writing. You could also see literacy essay. Although it's not recommended, paraphrasing the quote in your essay is a great means to strengthen your argument. You could also see essay writings. The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. You might also see travel essay. The greatest persuasive short essays often concentrate on controversial problems. Top Choices of Persuasive Essay Samples Staar Comprehension of concepts will enhance your kid's learning procedure and problem-solving skills. Acquiring the crucial wisdom and skills won't happen immediately, so students should practice regularly. The surest approach to obtain the essential abilities and knowledge is with practice. Obviously, it isn't simple to monitor and meet the learning skill of every student in a course of over ten students. The 30-Second Trick for Persuasive Essay Samples Staar Let's take a quick glance at them. There are not any steadfast rules that you want to adhere to as you write. Think freely, but you're not permitted to take into consideration anything else besides the topic accessible. The necessity to enforce laws that were introduced into action is a must in the event the authorities would like to have the gun control policies to have a result. There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. So as to successfully contest your perspective, especially when seeking to spell out why a certain idea is more valid than the other, you must have the ability to understand either side of the problem. Another way, of thinking up the outline, involves jotting down the key points of discussion that you wish to cover in the body. The best way isn't to cram for the test, yet to practice a couple of months ahead of time. Gossip, Deception and Persuasive Essay Samples Staar After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. The plan of the Kilt Hanger is ideal for the full Prince Charlie outfit. Try to learn if your kid is strugglin g with any of the topics they will later be tested on.

A Critical Analysis Of The General Idea Of Orient Spread...

In 1978, Edward Said made a critical analysis on the general idea of Orient spread in the Western world. He demonstrated that Orientalism is a way of cultural domination of the West against the East, and therefore it is none other than a product of European ethnocentrism. Furthermore, the Europe came to be self-confident that it is a mission of the West to save and develop the Orient, which led them justified their colonisation. In doing so, he also pointed out, the conviction of their own knowledge of the Orient gave a power of domination to the Europeans. (1978, p.11) In this essay, I will argue that these Said’s insights are useful to understand why development has been viewed as necessary and how development has actually been conducted by the West. Cases of India and African countries will be illustrated as examples. Understanding the Background of Development Said’s comment help us understand the background of development. The origin of development can be truck back to the time of colonization. The 15th century was a century of ‘encounter’ to the non-European people for the Western people whose intention to acknowledge and modernize the non-Europeans was based on an idea to spread Christianity. (Rojas and Kindornay, 2014, p.12) It was a mission for the ‘us’ Christians to teach ‘them’ who are yet to understand the greatness of Jesus Christ. As its universalist aspirations came to mismatch the global design of the West in the 18th century, the concept of civilizingShow MoreRelatedThe Distorted Images in Heart of Darkness4513 Words   |  19 Pagesthe perspective of post-colonialism and Orientalism theory. The present paper is divided into five parts: Part 1 is a brief introduction of the author as well as the main idea of the novella. It also makes a clear the writing purpose of the thesis. Namely, to reveal and study Conrad’s imperialist thought in light of the analysis of the distorted images in the novella. Part 2 shows how Africans and Africa are regarded as â€Å"other†. Part 3 analyzes the distorted image of the Africans as Orientals. PartRead MoreSociology and Other Sciences7090 Words   |  29 Pageso Pledging allegiance: Makes individuals feel part of a group and therefore less likely to break rules. 2. To maintain social role o School is a society in miniature. It has a similar hierarchy, rules, and expectations to the outside world. It trains young people to fulfill roles. 3. To maintain division of labor. o School sorts students into skill groups, encouraging students to take up employment in fields’ best suited to their abilities. Crime Durkheims views on crimeRead MoreEssay on American Imperialism in the Philippines3614 Words   |  15 Pagesemergence of dependent colonies. In addition, by adding a new western aspect to the national identity, they set a trend for westward expansion (Henretta 181). The Monroe Doctrine and the Manifest Destiny stated Americas philosophies regarding foreign policy. The Monroe Doctrine (1823), crafted by President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, was a statement of Americas foreign policy. It warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. Monroe particularly did not want Spain to attemptRead More A Theological Perspective of the Clash of Civilizations Essay7154 Words   |  29 PagesSamuel P. In the summer 1993 edition of the journal Foreign Affairs, Huntington argued that world politics was entering a new phase after the end of the Cold War, and that tensions between civilizations, as the highest cultural groupings of people, would dominate the global scene. He explains the article’s thesis in these words. It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankindRead MoreStri Bhrun Hatya Essay in Marathi4841 Words   |  20 PagesViews on capitalism: Analysis of modern Capitalism. Protestant Ethic and Emergence of Capitalism; Role of ideas and Values in social change. 02. Charles Horton Cooley Intellectual background Cooley’s thought on primary Group. The Characteristics of primary Group. Importance of Primary Group. Charles Cooley’s concept of looking Glass self communication. Social Process, Collective behaviour Cooley’s thought on sociological method. Cooley’s thought on institutional Analysis. References: 01Read MoreStrategic Management - Eu Yan Sang Case Study8311 Words   |  34 Pages1. Past Performance Assessment 6 4. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 7 4.1. Political 7 4.2. Economic 8 4.3. Social 8 4.4. Technological 8 4.5. Legal 9 4.6. Environmental 9 4.7. Conclusion of PESTLE Analysis 10 5. INTERNAL ANALYSIS 10 5.1. SWOT Anal ysis on Eu Yan Sang 10 5.2. Conclusion of SWOT Analysis 11 6. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 13 6.1. Key Success Factors 13 6.2. Michael Porter’s Generic and 5 Forces Analysis 15 6.3. Michael Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis 15 6.4. Implications of Assessment (Issues) 17 Read MoreStrategic Management - Eu Yan Sang Case Study8325 Words   |  34 PagesSITUATION 6 3.1. Past Performance Assessment 6 4. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 7 4.1. Political 7 4.2. Economic 8 4.3. Social 8 4.4. Technological 8 4.5. Legal 9 4.6. Environmental 9 4.7. Conclusion of PESTLE Analysis 10 5. INTERNAL ANALYSIS 10 5.1. SWOT Anal ysis on Eu Yan Sang 10 5.2. Conclusion of SWOT Analysis 11 6. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 13 6.1. Key Success Factors 13 6.2. Michael Porter’s Generic and 5 Forces Analysis 15 6.3. Michael Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis 15 6.4. Implications of Assessment (Issues) 17 7. OBJECTIVESRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in RecentRead MoreStrategic Management Accounting13457 Words   |  54 Pagesaccountants. Research limitations/implications – There is limited value in conducting future surveys of the adoption and implementation of SMA or SMA techniques. Rather, the focus should be on how SMA-inspired techniques and processes diffuse into general practice within organizations. Originality/value – Twenty-ï ¬ ve years after the term strategic management accounting was ï ¬ rst introduced in the literature, this paper brings together disparate literature and provides a broad assessment of the â€Å"state-of-the-art†Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesChallenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting

B Dubois And The Conservation Of Races - 1103 Words

Slavery, segregation, and police brutality have vigorously evaded black lives throughout American history. This violent treatment towards African Americans has been justified by whites due to our racial distinctions. W.E.B Dubois explores the concept of race and how we can use it advantageously in his infamous â€Å"The Conservation of Races†. Dubois writes this propositional essay to the American Negro Academy as a testament of his scholarly merit to Alexander Crumell, his black intellectualist hero. The piece is written in 1896 twenty years after Reconstruction during Jim Crow segregation. In response to this dire time and his own personal racial inquiries, Dubois dissects the etymology of race accrediting its origins to biological differences, but also social means such as â€Å"common blood and language, always of common history†. In addition, he demands the Academy to meet certain moral criterion in order to lead the Negro race. One of â€Å"The Conservation of Races† strengths is its fervent, passionate call towards African Americans to exhibit black excellence. Dubois expresses the need of the Negro race to give â€Å"to civilization the full spiritual message, which they are capable of giving†. His rhetoric exemplifies his belief in his race’s full potential if they unite in solidarity. He focuses on their future contributions to society such as â€Å"Negro genius, of Negro literature and art, of Negro spirit†. He has a fantasy of a world filled with highlyShow MoreRelatedKey Vocabulary Terms from American History in the Early 1900s1319 Words   |  6 Pagesthat women deserve the right to vote just as much as men do. 3. Niagara Movement- beginning in 1905, tired of racial oppression, a group of African Americans, including W.E. B Dubois, who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard University, held a meeting in Niagara Falls. They wanted economic equality among races and equal educational opportunity. The group of African American individuals later established the Niagara Movement which set out to end racial injustice. The group demandedRead MoreAmerican History Eoc Study Guide5327 Words   |  22 Pagesbusiness and used vertical integration (acquiring companies that supplied his business). He sold the company to J.P. Morgan for $480 million. He believed in the â€Å"Gospel of Wealth†- Wealthy people had a duty toward the rest of society. (pg. 469) b) â€Å"Gospel of Wealth†: A speech that including giving back to fellow men because of personal wealth. 5) John D. Rockefeller Oil: Started the oil business in 1863 and started his company Standard Oil. He used vertical integration (acquiring companiesRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesblack hair--like my grandmothers Indian hair, except a little curly--and they said, you--white man †¦ You not black. In Africa, mulattos were shunned. In response, Hughes wrote Dream Variation, in which a mulatto speaker wishes to celebrate his race by dancing without restraint in bright (white) sunshine and by resting under a tall tree in the cool evening, with Night coming tenderly,/ Black like me. At Freetown in British Sierra Leone, the Kru workers were discharged. In the Cape Verde IslandsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesof Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards 271 8 A Century of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significanceRead MoreArchaeology Notes19985 Words   |  80 Pagesand shelter necessary to fight the intolerable elements. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. According to your understanding how are any of the following environmental proxies used in the reconstruction of past environments? a) Oxygen isotopes b) Animal communities c) Stable carbon isotope ratios d) Paleosols and loess e) Vegetation 2. What is the general believe by scientists on climate change from the Paleocene to the present? What do they base their evidence on? 3. Why is

Truth in drama is forever elusive Essay Example For Students

Truth in drama is forever elusive Essay Truth in drama is forever elusive. You never quite find it but the search for it is compulsive. The search is clearly what drives the endeavour. The search is your task. More often than not you stumble upon the truth in the dark, colliding with it or just glimpsing an image or shape which seems to correspond to the truth, often without realizing that you have done so. But the real truth is that there never is any such thing as one truth to be found in dramatic art. There are many. These truths challenge each other, recoil from each other, reflect each other, ignore each other, tease each other, are blind to each other. Sometimes you feel you have the truth of a moment in your hand, then it slips through your fingers and is lost. Harold Pinter: Art, Truth Politics The Nobel Lecture Drama comes to different people in different ways, but in Harold Pinters case, its homecoming was something astonishingly unique queer. Pinter was composing poetry had never written a play when he went through an experience. No, no midsummer nights dream, but one of a very concrete commonplace character. As Pinter himself recounted once in an interview that he had entered into three different rooms at three different points of time with the insiders, not really expecting his entry had found three different reactions from the inmatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the first time, one of the two sitting persons had stood up, on the second occasion, both had stood up in the third case, both had remained seated. Pinter said that it was this impression, which he could not express in terms of poetry thereby composed his first three plays- The Room 1957, The Birthday Party 1957 The Caretaker 1957, one after the other. The striking thing about this experience is its exploration of three composite probabilities, creating a single truth. That is precisely Pinters journey-his perception of a singularity that is so infinitely pluralistic from within yet impresses as a single thread. Pyrrho, a 6th century Greek philosopher had said We are born to quest after truth; to possess it belongs to a greater power. Harold Pinter is a seeker, an adventurous traveller, engaged in the quest for that ever-elusive quot;greater powerquot;. And even if he fails, he certainly does quot;fail betterquot;, to use the Beckettian phrase. From the very outset, thus, his is a journey towards a truth or truths of some sort through the disparately peculiar human conducts, but importantly in a very definite and particular context definite figures in a particular room, which go on to become in Pinters plays, a suffocating claustrophobic embryo of human existence. But the interesting point is that Pinter always denies this take-off where the particular meets the universal, an aspect of art which others take as a major acknowledgement of their artistry. Pinters insistence on not interpreting his characters as epitomizing universal perspectives positions on not decoding the situations of his plays as opening links to a timeless understanding of the problematic of life, thereby makes this search for truth, rather paradoxical. Pinters search is thereby a search for a specific truth in a specific human condition and whether it opens up the magic casements to the universal, metaphysical eternal truth, he does not know. It is this disjunction that leads to a relentless whirlpool of conflicting truths in his plays. Pinters interface with the dialectical dynamics of menace at the gateway to dramatic truth carries a wonderful mingling of tradition individual talent. On the one hand, he is very much to be seen as a product of his times with the horrid nightmares of the two world wars, transmuting the world into a heap of broken images Nietzsche declaring the god to be dead. At the same time, Pinter does not explore directly that particular world-view in abstraction. Unlike Samuel Beckett perhaps a little like Edward Albee, Pinter prefers a non- discursive idiom vein with figures that are strictly particular, concrete contextualized. Samuel Beckett, in almost all his plays, initiated the plot on a specific contextual plane of realism modulated them draft after draft till the last produced a form of non-mimetic abstraction. Beckett wanted to create an enormously self-reflexive pattern which could hold the chaos of external reality. Pinters plays are like the very first drafts of his mentors play-scripts. Pinter is not a John Osborne, not any Arnold Wesker either. Unlike the anger of Osborne and the propagandism of Wesker, Pinter chooses his own way of portraying reality. His aesthetics certainly takes a queue from the likes of Eliot, Joyce Beckett, but he creates his own vein, nevertheless. Though he has been staunchly categorized as an absurdist, I would call him a modernist problematizer, a realist a highly political playwright whose dramaturgy combines a Beckettian avant-garde a Dario Fo-like zest for hardcore political theatre. His vision certainly incorporates the bizarre human situations in a fragmented universe, but one gets the feeling that quite consciously he stays away from the Ionescoical brand of objectified absurdity. He opts for a more Beckettian form of it where absurdity becomes a personal expression that does not demand any universal acknowledgement. In a world of ill-timing, where memories start to fade out, Pinters theatre, much like Jean Genets, takes up a strictly mimetic art-form, examining both the private the private expressions of politics. While in his early menace plays, Pinter treats politics as a sub-text, it surfaces manifests itself as the primary content in his later works like The Mountain Language One For The Road . As the title of his Nobel lecture suggests, his drama is a triplet of art, truth politics, where the three components are inseparable in a latent room. Pinter treats politics as a definite power-play everywhere. It is there in human relationships, in religion, in human psychology, in the sexual conduct of human beings, everywhere. In 1957, David Campton coined the term quot;Comedies of Menacequot; as the subtitle of his collection of plays-The Lunatic View. In 1958, Irving Wardle applied it to Harold Pinterquot;s The Birthday Party 1957. Since then, comedy of menace has become a typical way of designating Pinter-texts in general. But, to me, menace is not just a thematic phenomenon in Pinters plays but rather a procedural phenomenon. It is the perplexingly dialectic landscapes of menace that is bound to entrance victimize a seeker of truth. It is not located in any specific character, neither in particular situations, but all over human predicament yet Pinter would surely deny this generalization. In The Room 1957, we are already introduced to the prevalent image-gallery of Harold Pinter - a smooth personal space brimming with comfort content yet, pregnant with the lurking forces of petrification, soon to invade it. Rose Bert inhabit a pleasant enough room in an urban apartment, continuously referring to the shabby quot;otherquot; room down there. Someone lives there but who? They do not know. They do not even want to know very eagerly. But this all-happy dream is soon threatened by the entry of two visitors from outside- Mr. Mrs. Sanders, looking for a room in the apartment. They have been told by the undefined figure in the quot;otherquot; room below that Rose Bertquot;s room is empty thereby can be taken by them. In the melodramatic climax of the play, Rose encounters the dark tenant- a blind Negro who has supposedly come as a harbinger of Rosequot;s father to take her back home had been waiting for Bert to leave the room for a while, at least. The cruel killing of the Negro by Bert Rosequot;s turning blind ironically at the end are a little hurried, however. Riely, the Negro, is the racial quot;otherquot; but not unequivocally the instrument of quot;menacequot; as even he has to face the retaliative physical quot;menacequot; from Bert, while Rielyquot;s quot;menacequot; is successful ,as well, as Rose is blinded soon after the murder. In Dumb Waiter 1957, Pinter comes back to this inverted collateral discourse of quot;menacequot; quot;inquot; and quot;outquot; of a quot;roomquot;. Gus Ben, the two killers, awaiting their victims in a narrow room, dictated by the presence or absence of some alien upland-instructors, turn mutually quot;menacingquot; for each other, at the end. The insructors at the top communicate through a huge rambling pipe that, in course of the play, almost becomes a modern variation of the Delphic oracle. Gus Ben are quot;waitersquot; both because they quot;waitquot; also as they act as quot;waitersquot;, sending food to the people at the dark upper-floor through a huge complicated quot;liverquot;machine. The two awaiting oppressors get separated at the end; one, maturing into a victimizer the other, reduced to just a victim. Their contra-positioning with the great dictators upstairs, thus, operates as an interaction of two truths, which are not mutually exclusive but rather inclusive therefore menacingly open-ended. In The Birthday Party 1957, Pinter presents to us, the ineffectually casual and oblivious Stanley, living as a tenant under the care of Meg Petey. Stanley is motiveless stagnant, looking for his real identity the disparately lost melodies, within the bounded four walls of that house. But, still one feels that he has somehow managed to cling on to the immediate reality, for the time being. It is a very limited meager truth he has somehow got hold of. But, sardonically enough, the house is on the list Goldberg Maccan arrive abruptly as intrusions of an inexorable destiny, a fatal universality to celebrate Stanleys tentative birthday eventually only to menace him with dreams of external establishment an exposure into the vastly varying outer reality. These dreams thus hold their counter-textual nightmares in themselves that rip Stanley, even off his languageUh gug uh-gug eeehhh-gagà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Caahhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ caahh . Stanleys manipulation of a roomful of truth is thereby counter pointed, challenged teased by a world, full of elusive truths that Goldberg Maccan represent. And resultantly, the truth of the moment really slips out is lost foreverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Stanleys specs are broken his drum, affected. As he is taken away by Goldberg Maccan, Petey says-Stan, donquot;t let them tell you what to do! . Stanleyquot;s individual immunity system collapses under paradigmatic impositions of the world outside. The play, therefore taps a veritably political sub-text that explores the pro-establishment forces of social comodification that ruin the creative recluse of the individual. Pinters vision of a sadistic police-state is also signified in Goldberg Maccan. Pinter may deny the representation, but here, it is this representation, that clarifies his vision of truth or truths, for that matter. The 1981 BBC-play Family Voices seems to be a post-script of The Birthday Party. The play, written in a unique epistolary form, is a dialogue between Voice 1, a son who has gone away from Voices 2 3 who are his parents. The son now inhabits a strange apartment with quite uncanny shadows, impressing him as his quot;otherquot; or rather quot;realquot; family. He decides not to come back even as the mother informs her illness the demise of his father. Towards the end, the dead fathers voice invades as Voice-3, writing from the quot;glassy gravequot;. The mother warns that she would unveil the son, working as a male-prostitute. He is all of a sudden coming back to his family. The play ends on a note of typically Pinteresque ambivalence, with the voice of the father saying-I have so much to say to you. But I am quite dead. What I have to say to you will never be said. I think we can examine the three voices as Stanley, Petey Meg. Petey had said at the end of The Birthday Party -Stan, donquot;t let them tell you what to do! Here Voice-1 had let them do just that. Pinter uses the radio-medium brilliantly to create an extremely elliptical texture where very little communication is possible. Thus the Voices remain within the respective enclosures of their own experiences, with very few interceptions. quot;Dialoguesquot; are often reduced to quot;monologuesquot;, but not even absolutely unheard quot;soliloquiesquot;, perhaps it is in this quot;faintnessquot; of communication, that Pinter looks for the truth of a quot;real languagequot;, which remains an eldorado. The Caretaker 1957 is yet another play, which justifies what Pinter wrote in 1958:- There are no hard distinctions between what is real and what is unreal, nor between what is true and what is false. A thing is not necessarily either true or false; it can be both true and false. The promises of Aston Mick, made to Davies, turn out to be an exemplification of this transfiguration of truth into falsity and vice versa. They withdraw their promises of making Davies the caretaker, at the end, only to menace him disastrously. The designation of caretaker remains, an elusive illusory promise only made not realizedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ a kind of general truth that is only anticipated not comprehended ultimately. But Daviess menacing quest for that truth does not die down. It continues as he waits for the weather to break so that he can go to Sidcup in order to fetch papers that would prove his real identity, yet another of those unattainable universal truths. Aston keeps on trying to build a shed, on his own, in the garden premises. It is another instance of a compromise with contextually limited truth, far away from the ones in the remote horizons of the universe. A menace of exploitation had indeed fallen upon him when he had perhaps undergone that universal voyage towards the truth of the world, as revealed through his long speech in Act ii Sc ii I should have been dead. I should have diedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The dreadful experience had turned him perennially to stringently contextual truths. And that to Pinter is perhaps the inevitable human destiny. Pinter wrote a short story called Tea Party in 1963 when asked to write a play for the European Broadcasting Union, he made a play out of it. The play, also called Tea Party, is a sort of extension of the quot;menacequot; theme we have seen in The Birthday Party. Disson, a successful business-man starts to lose his pre-dominance over the state of matters with his marriage to Diana the appointment of his new secretary Wendyhardly causes for his decline of power. Romeo Juliet EssayDeborah submits to the narratives of Hornby Pauline, apparently being content with the way her quot;selfquot; has been depicted by the two seems to find her niche at the end-quot;I think I have the matter in proportion. Pause Thank you. quot; Pinterquot;s end-note here seems to be one of an uncharacteristically unique reconciliation. But who knows, this all-good note of deterministic acceptance may carry a sinister under-taste of self-mockery; a self-mockery where the seeming conformity towards the quot;projected truthquot; is distinctly denied! With Old Times 1971, the lyrical cris-crosses of memory start to peep in. The play carries through a complex dilemma between the subjective the objective. Is Anna really present outside the window or is she merely a fantastic emanation of Deeley Kate as they talk about her supposed arrival? This is a play that starts to deal with the ambiguity of memory all its preserved sense-impressions. This motif reaches a kind of fruition in the trampish figure of Spooner in No Manquot;s Land 1975 as on a drunken night, he enters the house of Hirst, much like Davies in The Caretaker. But what follows makes very clear, the drift in Pinterquot;s perceptive responses. No Manquot;s Land takes us back into a past of awe glory, a past that differs individually- Spooner Hirst keep on disagreeing as the vastly different pasts coalesce into a future, or just a quot;walking shadowquot; of it as it turns out to be a cul-de-sac, a no-manquot;s land between the verbal the non-verbal, between life death. It is a lifeless existence yet devoid of death like Hammquot;s or Clovquot;s in Beckettquot;s Endgame 1957, but certainly lacking the note of Beckettian dejection or rather supplementing it with a subversively witty realization acceptance of the condition. Largely inspired by James Joycequot;s only play Exiles, Betrayal begins with the couple, Emma Robert, on the brink of separation recedes from time present 1977 to time past 1968 through to its end. A serious statement on the urban sexual manners, the play captures a wonderfully open web of human relationships. Robert jerry are best of friends. Jerry has been the best man in Robertquot;s marriage he has had a steady affair with Robertquot;s wife Emma from that time that too very much in the sanction of Robert, as the final scene mystically recollects. There is a hint of the homo-erotic in the relationship between Robert Jerry Jerryquot;s relationship with Emma is seen by Robert as a means to take their friendship to its peculiar fruition , thereby trying to keep Jerry at hand, always. Robert, however, has had affairs with other women as well, for which the marriage is currently on the rocks. Jerry has his own family, while his references to the children of Emma Robert still contain a curious psycho-sexual innuendo. Pinter mocks at the title, as it were, by naturalizing all sorts of traditionally perceived deviations from the societal norm of relationships. It hardly turns out to be a betrayal as his characters go far beyond the yardstick of a collective social morality. The family voices re-unite more powerfully in Moonlight 1993 where Pinter sketches a strange malady of the mind as we see a gripping vision of a fractured family, awaiting the death of its ruling patriarch Andy, with the two sons caring a fig for the demise. It is a death like many other deaths, like all other deaths! Here ends it all what survives is the dimmed quot;moonlightquot;, like the sound of the footsteps in Beckettquot;s Footfalls 1976. The play culminates in the hazy world of a personal memory, which seems to be potent enough to become yet another future for yet another time as Bridget keeps on waiting I stood there in the moonlight and waited for the moon to go down. Party Time, performed in 1991 for the first time deserves a mention separately. The play is another great evidence of the diverse strands of Pinterquot;s genius. It is a sarcastic rehash of Restoration Comedy of Manners, chiefly recalling Congrevequot;s crisp smart wit repartee Wycherleyquot;s cynical vision of humanity. A gala party is taking place within a metropolitan elite club, with the outer world in utter dismay. The party, therefore, belongs to a particularly self-centred aloofness to an annihilated mankind in a banal world-order. While Beckett in Endgame showed a similarly destroyed soulless exterior of the world, his quot;interiorquot; was also quot;supped full of horrors. But, Pinter, in this play, draws the quot;interiorquot; in an antithetical image of enjoyment carousal, though the images of the void outside intermittently invade into the private space of the quot;partyquot;, only to connect it with the gutted infinitude outside. At the end of the play, as the party comes to a close the people disperse, Jimmy, a young man, absent thus-far, comes out of the light to stand at the doorway. Jimmyquot;s speech indicates a trying desperation for a poignantly real communication- a socially provoking critically concrete quot;meaningquot;, which is deferred all the while. Jimy seems to be lost in a silent darkness. It fills his mouth he can only quot;suckquot; it, in a maze of incomprehensible quot;impressionsquot; that do not lead to self-sufficient quot;ideasquot;. So, for a change, Pinter turns the perspective inside out by shifting it from his recurrently used image of the quot;roomquot; to the quot;other rooms outsidequot;. Jimmy becomes a representative voice of that other. But, his quot;truthquot; remains quot;menacedquot; nevertheless, despite an articulation or perhaps just because of the articulation itself! Once after seeing an initial production of The Birthday Party, in the theatre, a woman wrote to Pinter:-Dear Sir, I would be obliged if you would kindly explain to me the meaning of your play The Birthday Party. These are the points which I do not understand: 1. Who are the two men? 2. Where did Stanley come from? 3. Were they all supposed to be normal? You will appreciate that without the answers to my questions I cannot fully understand your play. Pinterquot;s reply was: Dear Madam, I would be obliged if you would kindly explain to me the meaning of your letter. These are the points which I do not understand: 1. Who are you? 2. Where do you come from? 3. Are you supposed to be normal? You will appreciate that without the answers to my questions I cannot fully understand your letter. Pinter, in rephrasing the question in the context of an answer, again probably implied the inversiveness of truth also the problem and yet the compulsion of taking his characters Stanley, Goldberg, Maccan as photographic truths of a perceptible outer reality. Pinter, quite deliberately, breaks away from the Ibsenite mould of dramatic dialogue, where the characters always speak about great issues, socio-political economic matters. Pinter keeps his dialogues rather naturalistic. Whether it is Dumb Waiter or The Birthday Party, for that matter, his characters hardly discuss such grave important matters. Food seems to be a recurrent talking point with Pinters characters. In The Birthday Party , the conjugal relationship between Meg Petey has been portrayed critiqued at the same time almost exclusively by the means of such references to food- prepared served. Pinters characters fumble; remain silent, sometimes even incomplete, in terms of sense. His language, thronged with those silences, pauses three dots à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ moves accordingly, stilted impeded in search of the truth of the language. All through the Pinter-canon, we find excommunication equivocation. Language is political but more diplomatic are his pauses silences. Language is not just a medium for Pinter. He uses it as a theme, not with the mythical effect of Samuel Beckett, but in the domain of his own familiarized contextualism. Pinters projected human being is a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more. Margaret Atwood links Pinters use of silence with the figure of Abraham in Kierkegaards essays establishes it as the primary text in what is called Pinteresque today. Atwood says Abraham is ordered by God to cut his only sons throat. In the face of this cruel and unnatural request, Abraham does not protest. Neither does he agree. He is silent. But it is a huge surprise with a haunting echo. One of these echoes is Pinter the silences of Pinter. Reverberating silences. Pinteresque. In One For The Road 1984, Pinter depicted an evidently political scenario representative of an absolutist state with Nicholas, interrogating Victor, who is the defeated captive. We come across an exclusively verbal side of quot;menacequot; in its political topicality. It is not that the questions asked by Nicholas to Victor are not answered because of the pressure over Victor. Those questions are causally linguistically unanswerable e. g. Nicholas asks Gila Victorquot;s wife repeatedly, why she had met Victor at a place for the first time? The play may not stand out as an artwork of complete appeal, but it certainly depicts the dramatists inherent skepticism about language, a minimalist inclination as even Beckett had imbibed from Fritz Mauthner. In his 1988-play, The Mountain Language, Pinter again works out a linguistic equation, interlaced with political connotations of dictatorial power authority. He talks about a mountain dialect, being forbidden to the mountain woman who comes to see his son, imprisoned in a jail in the capital. We see how language becomes a tool of colonial oppression. Pinter concludes with a brilliant twist, implying a vast dynamic of linguistic politics, within which, even an allowance to speak the mountain language, at the end, comes as a pre-destined protocol, imposed by the big brothers of the system. But, then again, if one starts to categorize him, Pinter shows again in Ashes to Ashes , how non-topical and non-immediate he can be, in a fundamentally political play about the Nazi horrors in the 2nd World War. He uses the echoes of Rebecaquot;s words in her final speech to evoke a substitution of the man Devlin she was talking to thus-far. The brilliant use of this device becomes more relevant because the man is also a sort of echo from Rebecaquot;s past, turning out to be that vaguely defined lover strangulator whom Rebecaquot;s words had been referring to from the beginning. The child is taken away from her to be killed mercilessly she also disowns the fact that she ever had a child! Is this abnormal maternal response a satire, an authentic shock-reaction or quot;menacequot; or a way to put an end, put an end to childbirth, put an end to Beckettquot;s vision of the quot;accursed progenitorquot; altogether. We see a quot;menacequot; in the outer-world in Ashes to Ashes ,but again unlike the chiefly objectified Rhinoceritis in Eugene Ionescoquot;s Rhinoceros 1958, the quot;menacequot; in Pinter is conveyed through very lyrical nuances e. g. he comparison between a godless universe a Brazil-England encounter without a single soul in the stadium. In this supposed relegation of god to a mere spectatorial presence, lies the quot;menacequot; of things falling apart. Pinters quot;dramaticulesquot;, to use the Beckettian term, namely Precisely 1983 The New World Order 1991 are also replete with polemical overtones of victimization. Pinter observed, in course of his Nobel lecture: When we look into a mirror we think the image that confronts us is accurate. But move a millimeter and the image changes. We are actually looking at a never-ending range of reflections. But sometimes a writer has to smash the mirror- for it is on the other side of that mirror that the truth stares at us. Pinter certainly shows us no single accurate reflection of truth but an abruptly modulating vista of relative and disorganized truths. But does he succeed in breaking the mirror itself, which is supposed to put an end to all reflected images focus the real object, the ultimate truth itself? Even if he does so, the truth would only stare at the audacity of the seeker; it would not be any appreciative glance. And the stare would perhaps negate the attainment. So can we really say that the menacing cross-passage comes to its destination with the smashing of the mirror? Or does the breaking of the mirror symbolize the end of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the Judgment Day. And it all ushers into a new world of Nohow On, to use the phrase of Samuel Beckett. Our task is cut out. As Pinter says, The search is your task. Is it not becoming a universal symbolization? Pinter would disagree. So let us keep our fingers crossed as Pinters narrative quips in a tone of marvelous aesthetic egotism in The Homecoming 1967 You wouldnt understand my works. You wouldnt have the faintest idea of what they were about. I do not know if the quot;faintest ideaquot; is gathered from this one; one about Pinter. If not, it is certainly for the better most importantly to his own liking. Let us read Pinter all over again, enjoy the man all over again, without caring for quot;ideaquot; or quot;ideationquot; for that matter. After all as he says that he does not write for anything external, but only for himself. Let us read him only for ourselves likewise. Pinter, at this point of time, is suffering from severe throat-cancer one does not know, how soon the time of the final quot;betrayalquot; would come. He may not live on, but he will certainly quot;die onquot;to use Beckettquot;s phrase again in our worlds of memory which he hardly believes in its linear simplistic topography. Let us end this discussion with one of Pinterquot;s own poems a poem, which I feel, would certainly stimulate him till his last breath in the quest for a menacing truth :- I know the place It is true Everything we do Corrects the space Between death and me And you. Harold Pinter

Posttraumatic stress. The case of Mary

Timeline From 1810-1820 (Waterloo, War of 1812)

Timeline From 1810-1820 (Waterloo, War of 1812) Decade By Decade: Timelines of the 1800s 1810: May 23, 1810: Margaret Fuller, editor, writer, and feminist icon, was born in Massachusetts.June 23, 1810: John Jacob Astor formed the Pacific Fur Company.July 5, 1810: American showman Phineas T. Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut.September 1810: The Tonquin, a ship owned by John Jacob Astor departed New York City bound for the Pacific Northwest, as part of Astors plan to establish a fur-trading settlement at the mouth of the Columbia River. 1811: February 3, 1811: Legendary newspaper editor Horace Greeley was born in Amherst, New Hampshire.May 11, 1811: Chang and Eng Bunker, famous conjoined twins, were born in Siam, which will lead to them becoming known as the Siamese Twins.June 14, 1811: Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Toms Cabin, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut.Summer 1811: Work began on the National Road, the first federal highway.November 7, 1811: Troops led by William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippecanoe.December 16, 1811: The New Madrid Earthquake struck the Mississippi Valley. 1812: February 7, 1812: British novelist Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England.March 15, 1812: The Luddites, who were opposed to machines being used in manufacturing, attacked a wool factory in England.March 26, 1812: An earthquake leveled Caracas, Venezuela.June 1, 1812: President James Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war against Britain. The causes of the War of 1812 were varied, and included impressment of American sailors.June 18, 1812: The United States Congress declared war on Britain, though opposition to the War of 1812 was strong.June 24, 1812: Napoleon invaded Russia.August 19, 1812: The USS Constitution battled HMS Guerriere and the American ship was victorious.October 1812: Napoleon began his retreat from Moscow.November 5, 1812: James Madison won the U.S. presidential election of 1812, defeating Dewitt Clinton. 1813: The Casselsmans Bridge was built in Maryland as part of the National Road, and was the longest stone arch bridge in America at the time.April 23, 1813: Stephen Douglas, U.S. Senator and rival of Abraham Lincoln, was born in Brandon, Vermont.April 27, 1813: Zebulon Pike, soldier and explorer, was killed at the age of 34 during the War of 1812 in action at York, Ontario, Canada.June 24, 1813: Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman and reformer, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut.October 5, 1813: Tecumseh, 45-year-old Shawnee leader, was killed by American troops at the Battle of the Thames in Canada. 1814: January 1814: The British government approached Americans, offering to begin negotiations to end the War of 1812.August 24, 1814: British troops landed in Maryland, marched to Washington, D.C., and burned the U.S. Capitol and the Executive Mansion (which would later be called the White House).September 13, 1814: A British fleet bombarded Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland. A British land force simultaneously battled Baltimores defenders on land, at the Battle of Baltimore.September 14, 1814: On the morning after the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key saw the American flag still flying and wrote The Star-Spangled Banner. Keys lyrics accurately described the Congreve rockets fired during the night.December 24, 1814: American and British negotiators in Belgium signed the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the War of 1812. 1815: January 8, 1815: Diverse American forces commanded by Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated British attackers at the Battle of New Orleans. As news traveled slowly, neither side knew the war had actually ended with the Treaty of Ghent weeks earlier.February 1, 1815: Irish political leader Daniel OConnell reluctantly fought a duel outside Dublin and killed his opponent.April 1, 1815: Otto von Bismarck, German statesman, was born in Prussia.April 5-12, 1815: The volcano at Mt. Tambora in Indonesia erupted in a series of explosions over a span of days. Volcanic ash blown into the atmosphere would affect weather worldwide for a year.June 18, 1815: Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo.July 1815: In the Second Barbary War, an American fleet commanded by Stephen Decatur and William Bainbridge defeated the Barbary Pirates. 1816: 1816 became known as The Year Without a Summer as volcanic ash from the Mt. Tambora volcanic eruption caused lower temperatures throughout the world.November 6, 1816: James Monroe was elected president of the United States, defeating Rufus King. 1817: In 1817 a legendary supernatural creature, The Bell Witch, began terrorizing a family on a Tennessee farm.March 4, 1817: James Monroe took the presidential oath of office outdoors, as the U.S. Capitol was still being rebuilt after its burning by the British.July 4, 1817: Construction began on the Erie Canal.July 12, 1817: Author and naturalist Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts. 1818: The first packet liners began sailing between New York City and Liverpool.February 1818: Abolitionist author Frederick Douglass was born into slavery on a plantation in Maryland.May 5, 1818: Karl Marx, German philosopher, was born in Prussia.December 13, 1818: Mary Todd Lincoln, American first lady, was born in Lexington, Kentucky. 1819: The Panic of 1819 was the first great financial panic of the 19th century.May 24, 1819: Queen Victoria was born at Kensington Palace, London, England.May 31, 1819: American poet Walt Whitman was born at West Hills, Long Island, New York.August 1, 1819: Author Herman Melville was born in New York City.August 26, 1819: Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, was born in Germany.

Problem-Solution of Global Warming Research Paper

Problem-Solution of Global Warming - Research Paper Example More than a third of the US was affected by the drought that ended in late July. During this period, the country also suffered from destructive that demolished houses felled trees and brought down power infrastructure. The country also witnessed fires destroy over 700 homes in Colorado. However, the 2012 disasters are not the only ones, in the preceding year the U.S. had unprecedented fourteen unfavourable weather events that culminated to a loss of almost $50 billion and unaccounted health costs. In 2012, the country suffered 74 deaths as a result of extreme heat. Moreover, the mortality rate related to the hot climatic condition has been a trend for the past two decades. In 2011, the country lost 206 people an increase from 138 in 2010. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration reported that death caused by increased heat has doubled as an average of 10 years from past years average. It is forecasted that global warming if not addressed will kill more than a hundred thousand Am erica as a result of increased heat. The side effect of flood and storms do not comprise death and destruction of property only, but it includes contaminating drinking water resulting in the outbreak of communicable infectious diseases. Increased heat and air pollution make people suffer from respiratory problems. Furthermore, global warming effects have increased tropical storms. Florida experienced immersed flooding in 2012 and claimed about seven people. The flood also destroyed about 100 households and displaced thousands other while causing damages worth billions of dollars to homes, beaches and businesses.

How should we explain the decline in levels of membership of political Essay

How should we explain the decline in levels of membership of political parties across most western democracies - Essay Example Individuals receive support from the state at the expense of accepting an increase in regulation, mostly with respect to the exercise of conducting elections (Albertazzi,D. & McDonnell,D. 2010)This piece of work permits an extensive investigation about the levels of party membership across vast democracies in Europe. Along with a robust exploration on the difference in the patterns of party association existing between older democracies and the newly created ones along with the post-communist democracies as well (Rozenvalds, 2005, p.163). According to Crouch (2008), Party membership levels in the post communist democracies have remained substantially below those in the established Western politics Definitely the novelty of these democracies, the weakening or elimination of traditional cleavages that resulted from the attempt by communism to construct a classless society along with the fact that party organizations surged in a perspective in which they could already gain the benefits of modern communications networks in their efforts of seeking support, are likely to have dispirited their efforts to put up mass organizations for a longer term (Putnam, Robert 2000) This is also probable and obvious to be the same case in the southern European polities that surged from authoritarian rule in the 1970s (Crouch 2008) we will continue to anticipate that the newer the democracy, the smaller is likely to be the membership level. Based on the recent data available from many sources, party membership in contemporary European democracies produce figures of total party membership expressed in raw numbers and as a percentage of electorate (M/E) which is an indicator which is more suitable for cross-national comparisons. Activists are authorized to monitor and implement heavy burden of regulations who end up being uncompensated for their (Whiteley, 2014, p.102). These advances have turned political parties to public utilities to say

First People of Canada Essay Example for Free

First People of Canada Essay The purpose of the writer is to present his analysis of the present condition of the educational system of Canada which he regards as colonial education for the aborigines of Canada. He examined the manner in which the Indigenous education and epistemologies have been ignored and undermined and made recommendations on the revitalization of an education reflective of the needs and sentiments and culture of the Aboriginal Canada. The article is based on facts and not opinion. The information given are well researched and are supported as the writer presented evidences that the present educational system has â€Å"physically, spiritually and mentally destructive and disruptive components of colonial education (p. 3)† The objective of the author is well achieved as his arguments are logical. His choice of language is effective for his intended audience is the general public especially the education sector who needs to do something about the colonial education. The author discussed that the residential schooling and the Eurocentric schooling and the curriculum are not reflective of the culture of the Aborigines and were far different from the traditional education. The education then is colonial and beyond the experiences and the daily life of the Aborigines. It needs to be reformed. The author is successful in letting his audience understand his point because his illustrations why he takes the education of Canada as colonial are very effective.

Free Grapes of Wrath Essays: Steinbecks Portrait of Fear :: Grapes Wrath essays

Portrait of Fear in The Grapes of Wrath Steinbeck shows throughout The Grapes of Wrath that mankind is afraid of failure. Although that fear is present in both the desperate migrant workers and the big, ruthless land owners, Steinbeck uses Al Joad's character to his full advantage t model this characteristic of man. Al's personal fear of failure motivates him to do well in life in comparison to his male role models, as well as to help support the family. This is conveyed through Al's sense of responsibility to his family, his careful nature, and his moody and defensive behavior. Al's sense of responsibility to his family is a major element in his determination not to fail. His knowledge and operation of automobiles are Al's major contribution to the family: "He might be a musking goat sometimes, but this was his responsibility, this truck, its running, and its maintenance...And everyone respected him and his responsibility" (Steinbeck, pages 131 and 132). Al not only helps the family succeed in getting to California by taking on this responsibility, he also makes up for other areas of his character in which he feels he is failing or lacking. Such an area of character might be his apathy towards letting his family know his whereabouts when he disappears for days at a time in Oklahoma. Al's careful nature is another obvious sign that he does not want to fail. He feels that precaution is the only way to prevent something from going wrong and ultimately failing. This is visible in his meticulous care of the truck: "Al grew tense over the wheel. A little rattle had developed in the engine. He speeded up and the rattle increased...Al blew his horn and pulled the car to the side of the road" (page 225). Al's care, though obvious only in that of the truck, definitely suggests that should he fail to properly maintain the truck, he would fail himself and his family as well. To offset such an event, Al constantly watches for and prevents any possible problems with the truck. Al's moody and defensive behavior is also a strong example of his resolution not to fail. Although his attitude could be attributed to adolescent arrogance, one who examines Al's character can see that he has more pressure placed upon him than most of the other members of the family.

Memorable Moment Essay

Intro: My experience entering University Kuala Lumpur when I arrived on campus Body: 1. Feeling of emotions 2. The place of building 3. Meet friends Conclusion: Hard moment to say goodbye to family One of the most memorable moments is the first time that I had through on January 09, 2013. It was the first day of my new life, the life that I was going to spend 3 years at University Kuala Lumpur Business School that formerly known as International School of Entrepreneurship (ISE). As people said, college life is a life of freedom but for me college is starting of a new life. For the first time, I felt so many emotions in my heart that makes my heart beat so fast. I was no longer being a girl but a woman who had to stay far away from home and family. I had begun to think myself to be a woman with lots of spirit to end of my study without any problem. When I entered my college for the first day, I looked around with a much more of various feeling. The stately building is what people always talked a campus in the middle of city. I entered the college with my best friend Nurulikma that I meet from old college when I take Diploma. Firstly I was going to Malaysian Institute of Information Technology (MIIT) University City Campus for registration. We need to fill up a few of letter form to get our dorm key. But finally after everything was taken care of we got to go to set up my belongings in my dorm. Never the less, when my family and I finally got up to the room and opened the door, I was very excited, I met my roommates, they are really friendly. We introduced ourselves. Unfortunately my roommates were from different states but for me it was okay even though we had some problem in communication. The room looks nice that I got to spend my first semester. I chose my bed near the plug as I need to use electricity sometimes. After I was settled in, my family and I had a nice lunch and wish them goodbye. That was the saddest moment because I need to live far from my family. (348 words) Read more: Proud Moments in Life

Einsteins Theory of Relativity

Einsteins theory of relativity is a famous theory, but its little understood. The theory of relativity refers to two different elements of the same theory: general relativity and special relativity. The theory of special relativity was introduced first  and was later considered to be a special case of the more comprehensive theory of general relativity. General relativity is a  theory of gravitation  that  Albert Einstein developed by  between 1907 and 1915, with contributions from many others after 1915. Theory of Relativity Concepts Einsteins theory of relativity includes the interworking of several different concepts, which include: Einsteins Theory of Special Relativity - localized behavior of objects in inertial frames of reference, generally only relevant at speeds very near the speed of lightLorentz Transformations - the transformation equations used to calculate the coordinate changes under special relativityEinsteins Theory of General Relativity - the more comprehensive theory, which treats gravity as a geometric phenomenon of a curved spacetime coordinate system, which also includes noninertial (i.e. accelerating) frames of referenceFundamental Principles of Relativity What Is Relativity? Classical relativity (defined initially by Galileo Galilei and refined by Sir Isaac Newton) involves a simple transformation between a moving object and an observer in another inertial frame of reference. If you are walking in a moving train, and someone stationary on the ground is watching, your speed relative to the observer will be the sum of your speed relative to the train and the trains speed relative to the observer. Youre in one inertial frame of reference, the train itself (and anyone sitting still on it) are in another, and the observer is in still another. The problem with this is that light was believed, in the majority of the 1800s, to propagate as a wave through a universal substance known as the ether, which would have counted as a separate frame of reference (similar to the train in the above example). The famed Michelson-Morley experiment, however, had failed to detect Earths motion relative to the ether and no one could explain why. Something was wrong with the classical interpretation of relativity as it applied to light ... and so the field was ripe for a new interpretation when Einstein came along. Introduction  to  Special Relativity In 1905,  Albert Einstein  published (among other things) a paper called  On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies  in the journal  Annalen der Physik. The paper presented the theory of  special relativity, based  on  two postulates: Einsteins Postulates Principle of Relativity (First Postulate):  The laws of physics are the same for all inertial reference frames. Principle of Constancy of the Speed of Light (Second Postulate):  Light always propagates through a vacuum (i.e. empty space or free space) at a definite  velocity, c, which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body. Actually, the paper presents a more formal, mathematical formulation of the postulates. The phrasing of the postulates  are  slightly different from textbook to  textbook  because of translation issues, from mathematical German to comprehensible English. The second postulate is often mistakenly written to include that the speed of light in a vacuum is  c  in all frames of reference. This is actually a derived result of the two postulates, rather than part of the second postulate itself. The first postulate is pretty much common sense. The second postulate, however, was the revolution. Einstein had already introduced the  photon theory of light  in his paper on the  photoelectric effect  (which rendered the ether  unnecessary). The second postulate, therefore, was a consequence of massless photons moving at the velocity  c  in a vacuum. The ether no longer had a special role as an absolute inertial frame of reference, so it was not only unnecessary but qualitatively useless under special relativity. As for the paper itself, the goal was to reconcile Maxwells equations for electricity and magnetism with the motion of electrons near the speed of light. The result of Einsteins paper was to introduce new coordinate transformations, called  Lorentz transformations, between inertial frames of reference. At slow speeds, these transformations were essentially identical to the classical model, but at high speeds, near the speed of light, they produced radically different results. Effects of Special Relativity Special relativity yields several consequences from applying Lorentz transformations at high velocities (near the speed of light). Among them are: Time dilation (including the popular twin paradox)Length contractionVelocity transformationRelativistic velocity additionRelativistic doppler effectSimultaneity clock synchronizationRelativistic momentumRelativistic kinetic energyRelativistic massRelativistic total energy In addition, simple algebraic manipulations of the above concepts yield two significant results that deserve individual mention. Mass-Energy Relationship Einstein was able to show that mass and energy were related, through the famous formula  Emc2. This relationship was proven most dramatically to the world when nuclear bombs released the energy of mass in Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II. Speed of Light No object with mass can accelerate to precisely the speed of light. A massless object, like a photon, can move at the speed of light. (A photon doesnt actually accelerate, though, since it  always  moves exactly at  the speed of light.) But for a physical object, the speed of light is a limit. The  kinetic energy  at the speed of light goes to infinity, so it can never be reached by acceleration. Some have pointed out that an object could in theory move at greater than the speed of light, so long as it did not accelerate to reach that speed. So far no physical entities have ever displayed that property, however. Adopting Special Relativity In 1908,  Max Planck  applied the term theory of relativity to describe these concepts, because of the key role relativity played in them. At the time, of course, the term applied only to special relativity, because there was not yet any general relativity. Einsteins relativity was not immediately embraced by physicists as a  whole  because it seemed so theoretical and counterintuitive. When he received his 1921 Nobel Prize, it was specifically for his solution to the  photoelectric effect  and for his contributions to Theoretical Physics. Relativity was still too controversial to be specifically referenced. Over time, however, the predictions of special relativity have been shown to be true. For example, clocks flown around the world have been shown to slow down by the duration predicted by the theory. Origins of Lorentz Transformations Albert Einstein  didnt create the coordinate transformations needed for special relativity. He didnt have  to because the Lorentz transformations that he needed already existed. Einstein was a master at taking previous work and adapting it to new situations, and he did so with the Lorentz transformations just as he had used Plancks 1900 solution to the  ultraviolet catastrophe  in  black body radiation  to craft his solution to the  photoelectric effect, and thus develop the  photon theory of light. The transformations were actually first published by Joseph Larmor in 1897. A slightly different version had been published a decade earlier by Woldemar Voigt, but his version had a square in the time dilation equation. Still, both versions of the equation were shown to be invariant under Maxwells equation. The mathematician and physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz proposed the idea of a local time to explain relative simultaneity in 1895, though, and began working independently on similar transformations to explain the null result  in  the Michelson-Morley experiment. He published his coordinate transformations in 1899, apparently still unaware of Larmors publication, and added time dilation in 1904. In 1905, Henri Poincare modified the algebraic formulations and attributed them to Lorentz with the name Lorentz transformations, thus changing Larmors chance at immortality in this regard. Poincares formulation of the transformation was, essentially, identical to that which Einstein would use. The transformations apply to a four-dimensional coordinate system, with three spatial coordinates (x,  y,   z) and  one-time  coordinate (t). The new coordinates are denoted with an apostrophe, pronounced prime, such that  x is pronounced  x-prime. In the example below, the velocity is in the  xx direction, with velocity  u: x (  x  -  ut  ) / sqrt ( 1 -  u2  /  c2  )y   y z   z t {  t  - (  u  /  c2  )  x  } / sqrt ( 1 -  u2  /  c2  ) The transformations are provided primarily for demonstration purposes. Specific applications of them will be dealt with separately. The term 1/sqrt (1 -  u2/c2) so frequently appears in relativity that it is denoted with the Greek symbol  gamma  in some representations. It should be noted that in the cases when  u  Ã‚  c, the denominator collapses to essentially the sqrt(1), which is just 1.  Gamma  just becomes 1 in these cases. Similarly,  the  u/c2  term also becomes very small. Therefore, both dilation of space and time are non-existent to any significant level at speeds much slower than the speed of light in a vacuum. Consequences of the Transformations Special relativity yields several consequences from applying Lorentz transformations at high velocities (near the speed of light). Among them are: Time dilation  (including the popular Twin Paradox)Length contractionVelocity transformationRelativistic velocity additionRelativistic doppler effectSimultaneity clock synchronizationRelativistic momentumRelativistic kinetic energyRelativistic massRelativistic total energy Lorentz Einstein Controversy Some people point out that most of the actual work for the special relativity had already been done by the time Einstein presented it. The concepts of dilation and simultaneity for moving bodies were already in place and the mathematics had already been developed by Lorentz Poincare. Some go so far as to call Einstein a plagiarist. There is some validity to these charges. Certainly, the revolution of Einstein was built on the shoulders of a lot of other work, and Einstein got far more credit for his role than those who did the grunt work. At the same time, it must be considered that Einstein took these basic concepts and mounted them on a theoretical framework which made them not merely mathematical tricks to save a dying theory (i.e. the ether), but rather fundamental aspects of nature in their own right. It is unclear that Larmor, Lorentz, or Poincare intended so bold a move, and history has rewarded Einstein for this insight boldness. Evolution of General Relativity In  Albert Einsteins  1905 theory (special relativity), he showed that among inertial frames of reference there was no preferred frame. The development of general relativity came about, in part, as an attempt to show that this was true among non-inertial (i.e. accelerating) frames of reference as well. In 1907, Einstein published his first article on gravitational effects on  light  under special relativity. In this paper, Einstein outlined his equivalence principle, which stated that observing an experiment on the Earth (with gravitational acceleration  g) would be identical to observing an experiment in a rocket ship that moved at a speed of  g. The equivalence principle can be formulated as: we [...] assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field and a corresponding acceleration of the reference system. as Einstein said or, alternately, as one  Modern Physics  book presents it: There is no local experiment that can be done to distinguish between the effects of a uniform gravitational field in a nonaccelerating inertial frame and the effects of a uniformly accelerating (noninertial) reference frame. A second article on the subject appeared in 1911, and by 1912 Einstein was actively working to conceive of a general  theory of relativity  that would explain special relativity, but would also explain gravitation as a geometric phenomenon. In 1915, Einstein published a set of differential equations known as the  Einstein field equations. Einsteins  general relativity  depicted the universe as a geometric system of three spatial and one time dimensions. The presence of mass, energy, and momentum (collectively quantified as  mass-energy density  or  stress-energy) resulted in a bending of this space-time coordinate system. Gravity, therefore, was movement along the simplest or least-energetic route along this curved space-time. The Math of General Relativity In the simplest possible terms, and stripping away the complex mathematics, Einstein found the following relationship between the curvature of space-time and mass-energy density: (curvature of space-time) (mass-energy density) * 8  pi G  /  c4 The equation shows a direct, constant proportion. The gravitational constant,  G, comes from  Newtons law of gravity, while the dependence upon the speed of light,  c, is expected from the theory of special relativity. In a case of zero (or near zero) mass-energy density (i.e. empty space), space-time is flat. Classical gravitation is a special case of gravitys manifestation in a relatively weak  gravitational field, where the  c4  term (a very big denominator) and  G  (a very small numerator) make the curvature correction small. Again, Einstein didnt pull this out of a hat. He worked heavily with Riemannian geometry (a non-Euclidean geometry developed by mathematician Bernhard Riemann years earlier), though the resulting space was a 4-dimensional Lorentzian manifold rather than a strictly Riemannian geometry. Still, Riemanns work was essential for Einsteins own field equations to be complete. What Does General Relativity Mean? For an analogy to general relativity, consider that you stretched out a  bed sheet  or piece of elastic flat, attaching the corners firmly to some secured posts. Now you begin placing things of various weights on the sheet. Where you place something very light, the sheet will curve downward under the weight of it a little bit. If you put something heavy, however, the curvature would be even greater. Assume theres a heavy object sitting on the sheet and you place a second, lighter, object on the sheet. The curvature created by the heavier object will cause the lighter object to slip along the curve toward it, trying to reach a point of equilibrium where it no longer moves. (In this case, of course, there are other considerations -- a ball will roll further than a cube would slide, due to frictional effects and such.) This is similar to how general relativity explains gravity. The curvature of a light object doesnt affect the heavy object much, but the curvature created by the heavy object is what keeps us from floating off into space. The curvature created by the Earth keeps the moon in orbit, but at the same  time, the curvature created by the moon is enough to affect the tides. Proving General Relativity All of the findings of special relativity also support general relativity, since the theories are consistent. General relativity also explains all of the phenomena of classical mechanics, as they too are consistent. In addition, several findings support the unique predictions of general relativity: Precession of perihelion of MercuryGravitational deflection of starlightUniversal expansion (in the form of a  cosmological constant)Delay of radar echoesHawking radiation from black holes Fundamental Principles of Relativity General Principle of Relativity:  The laws of physics must be identical for all observers, regardless of whether or not they are accelerated.Principle of General Covariance:  The laws of physics must take the same form in all coordinate systems.Inertial Motion is Geodesic Motion:  The world lines of particles unaffected by forces (i.e. inertial motion) are timelike or null geodesic of spacetime. (This means the tangent vector is either negative or zero.)Local Lorentz Invariance:  The rules of special relativity apply locally for all inertial observers.Spacetime Curvature:  As described by Einsteins field equations, the curvature of spacetime in response to mass, energy, and momentum results in gravitational influences being viewed as a form of inertial motion. The equivalence principle, which  Albert Einstein  used as a starting point for general relativity, proves to be a consequence of these principles. General Relativity the Cosmological Constant In 1922, scientists discovered that application of Einsteins field equations to cosmology resulted in an expansion of the universe. Einstein, believing in a static universe (and therefore thinking his equations were in error), added a  cosmological constant  to the field equations, which allowed for static solutions. Edwin Hubble, in 1929, discovered that there was redshift from distant stars, which implied they were moving with respect to the Earth. The universe, it seemed, was expanding. Einstein removed the cosmological constant from his equations, calling it the biggest blunder of his career. In the 1990s, interest in the cosmological constant returned in the form of  dark energy. Solutions to  quantum field theories  have resulted in a huge amount of energy in the quantum vacuum of space, resulting in an accelerated expansion of the universe. General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics When physicists attempt to apply quantum field theory to the  gravitational field, things get very messy. In mathematical terms, the physical quantities involve diverge, or result in infinity. Gravitational fields under general relativity require an infinite number of correction, or renormalization, constants to adapt them into solvable equations. Attempts to solve this renormalization problem lie at the heart of the theories of  quantum gravity. Quantum gravity theories typically work backward, predicting a theory and then testing it rather than actually attempting to determine the infinite constants needed. Its an old trick in physics, but so far none of the theories have been adequately proven. Assorted Other Controversies The major problem with general relativity, which has been otherwise highly successful, is its overall incompatibility with quantum mechanics. A large chunk of theoretical physics is devoted toward trying to reconcile the two concepts: one which predicts macroscopic phenomena across space and one which predicts microscopic phenomena, often within spaces smaller than an atom. In addition, there is some concern with Einsteins very notion of spacetime. What is spacetime? Does it physically exist? Some have predicted a quantum foam that spreads throughout the universe. Recent attempts at  string theory  (and its subsidiaries) use this or other quantum depictions of spacetime. A recent article in New Scientist magazine predicts that spactime may be a quantum  superfluid  and that the entire universe may rotate on an axis. Some people have pointed out that if spacetime exists as a physical substance, it would act as a universal frame of reference, just as the ether had. Anti-relativists are thrilled at this prospect, while others see it as an unscientific attempt to discredit Einstein by resurrecting a century-dead concept. Certain issues with black hole singularities, where the spacetime curvature approaches infinity, have also cast doubts on whether general relativity accurately depicts the universe. It is hard to know for sure, however, since  black holes  can only be studied from afar at present. As it stands now, general relativity is so successful that its hard to imagine it will be harmed much by these inconsistencies and controversies until a phenomena comes up which actually contradicts the very predictions of the theory. Quotes About Relativity Spacetime grips mass, telling it how to move, and mass grips spacetime, telling it how to curve — John Archibald Wheeler.The theory appeared to me then, and still does, the greatest feat of human thinking about nature, the most amazing combination of philosophical penetration, physical intuition, and mathematical skill. But its connections with experience were slender. It appealed to me like a great work of art, to be enjoyed and admired from a distance. — Max Born