Definition of Subject for Spanish Students

Traditionally, the subject is the part of the sentence that performs the action of the main verb of a sentence. Sometimes, subject is used to refer specifically to the noun or pronoun that performs the action of the verb. In Spanish (rarely in English except in commands), it is common also for the subject to be implied rather than directly stated. In the following sentences, the subject is in boldface. Examples El hombre canta bien. The man sings well. (The noun hombre is performing the action of the verb canta.)Los jugadores no està ¡n con nosotros. The players arent with us. (The noun jugadores is performing the action of the verb està ¡n.)Ellos no està ¡n con nosotros. They arent with us. (The subject is a pronoun.)No està ¡n con nosotros. They arent with us. (The subject here in the Spanish sentence is implied to be ellos but isnt directly stated. In translation, the pronoun here must be stated in English.) The subject of a verb can be contrasted with its object, which receives the action of the verb rather than performs it. The subject of the sentence sometimes is considered to include not just the noun, but all the words in the phrase that accompanies the noun. By this definition, el hombre in the first sample sentence can be considered the subject of the sentence. By this definition, the subject of a sentence can get quite complex. For example, in the sentence La chica que va al teatro no me conoce (the girl who is going to the theater doesnt know me), la chica que va al teatro can be considered the full subject. By this definition, the subject of a sentence can be contrasted with the predicate of a sentence, which includes the verb and often the object of the verb and related words. In Spanish, the subject and verb (or predicate) match in number. In other words, a singular subject must be accompanied by a verb that is conjugated in a singular form, and a plural subject takes a plural verb. Although the subject is usually thought of as the performer of a sentences action, in passive sentences this may not be the case. For example, in the sentence su tà ­o fue arrestado (her uncle was arrested), tà ­o is the subject of the sentence even though some unspecified person or persons are performing the verbs action. In Spanish, as in English, the subject typically comes before the verb except in questions. However, in Spanish, it is not extraordinary for the verb to come before the subject even in direct statements. For example, in the sentence me amaron mis padres (my parents loved me), padres (parents) is the subject of the verb amaron (loved). Sample Sentences Un planeta es un cuerpo celeste que orbita alrededor de una estrella. A planet is a heavenly body that orbits around a star.No comprendo la revuelta à ¡rabe. I dont understand the Arab revolt. (The subject in the Spanish sentence is implied.)Yo y tà º podemos hacer todo. You and I can do everything. (This is the use of a compound subject.)Me gustan las enchiladas. I like enchiladas. (In the Spanish sentence, the subject here comes after the verb. Note that in translation, the subject in English represents a different word.)Hoy empieza la revolucià ³n. The revolution begins today. (The subject comes after the verb. Although hoy is sometimes a noun, here it is an adverb.)Skype fue comprado por Microsoft. Skype was bought by Microsoft. (In this passive sentence, Skype is the subject even though it is not performing the verbs action.)

Analysis Of Stephen Oates s The Fires Of Jubilee

Stephen Oates, in a riveting storytelling fashion, captures the desires and anxieties of the early to mid-19th century, with The Fires of Jubilee. Oates has performed rigorous study to present an accurate portrayal of a fascinating and mysterious man, who lived during an extraordinary period in American history. Oates begins the book with a thorough biography of Turner. He makes a real effort to show what could lead a man to commit the actions he did. Nat was born on October 17, 1800 in Southampton County, Virginia. His mother, Nancy, was brought to America in 1795. The man who purchased her was Benjamin Turner, a wealthy tidewater planter. Nancy married a slave whose name is not known, and gave birth to Nat. Interestingly, she tried to kill Nat rather than see him grow up to be a slave. I find this to be an incredible and very powerful piece of information. If that doesn’t illustrate how emotionally and physically devastating it was to be enslaved, then I don’t know what could. By the time he was four or five years old, people started to realize that there was something very special about Nat. He could recall things that had happened before he was born. Nat s parents were very proud of him and discovered strange marking on his head and back. African legend held that a male wit h such markings would grow up to be a leader. His intelligence earned him the respect and admiration of other slaves as well. One time he was given a book by another slave, and was able to decipherShow MoreRelatedThe Fires of Jubilee: How Reliable is It? Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fires of Jubilee, by Stephen B. Oates, tells an account of Nat Turner’s rebellion. Beginning with Nat’s early life and finally ending with the legacy his execution left the world, Oates paints a historical rending of those fateful days. The Confessions of Nat Turner by Thomas R. Gray and approved by Nat himself is among Oates’ chief sources. Oates is known as a reputable historian through his other works, and has strong credentials however, in the case of The Fires of Jubilee there are some

Redefining Global Strategy Crossing Borders MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Redefining Global Strategy for Crossing Borders. Answer: Introduction: Pankaj Ghemawats AAA strategic framework helps the organisation to gain a competitive advantage in the market because this helps the organisation to have global value creation. The AAA here stands for Adaptation, Arbitration and Aggregation. The adaptation strategy helps the organisation to suit the local preferences of a country to carry out their business. The aggregation strategy helps the organisation to create global efficiencies by achieving the economies of scale and the Arbitration strategy helps the firm to gain competitive advantage through exploiting economic and various other differences through the national and the regional markets that are there (Ghemawat, 2013). The "A" strategy that the organisation would choose would depend on the financial position and outlook of the firm, for example, if a company depends heavily on the branding, such as the food and beverages producing firms should adopt the Adaptation strategy (Ghemawat, 2015). Most of the companies such as Nestl e and IBM focus on just one "A" strategy and the focus is not there much on the other As because a shift from "A" to "AA" to "AAA" would require both managerial and organisational flexibility. It is because there is an inherent tension between the three As that are being identified by Ghemawat. The most important pitfall of this particular theory is that the organisation should use one or the two A's of the strategy. If new elements are incorporated in the strategy then it should get fit in the organisational structure. Moreover, if the strategy incorporates new components then the firm should see that they doing well with the other operations that are being carried out by the organisation (Ghemawat, 2013). Metcash Limited is a wholesale marketing and distributing company that have a specialization with respect to grocery, hardware, liquor, fresh produce and the other fast moving items that are there. The organisation also operates under few of the very reputed brand such as Mitre 10, IGA and Cellarbrations. The company has two important subsections the ALM or the Australian Liquor Market and the Independent Brand Australia or the IBA. The ALM owns the Tasman Liquor Companyand it is a wholly owned organisation that carried out its operation in the similar market of New Zealand (Metcash Limited., 2017). Therefore, this particular organisation could adopt the AAA strategy as proposed by Pankaj Ghemawat to gain a competitive advantage in the global market. In the case of this firm only one A could be feasible for the organisation to gain success and that is the Adaptation strategy. The firm should focus on the externalisation strategies that forms a subpart of this particular framework or the strategy. Therefore, it should go for having strategic alliances with the other companies in various other countries. It could also expand itself through franchising as well. In the case of having strategic alliances, it could choose the reputed hotels, restaurants and the liquor stores that are there in the country. Moreover, it could also create global value by having a strategic alliance with the firm belonging to the travel and the tourism industry that would also help them to gather competitive advantage. The Business Model The business model consists of four important components that include the value proposition, market participation, value chain infrastructure and the management model. The value proposition consists of products and services that are both tangible and non-tangible. The market segments include that particular segment in the market that the firm would choose to expand their business (Bocken, et.al, 2015). The value chain infrastructure deals with the key capabilities and the internal sources that are there. The management model includes global management sub model that includes the global product divisions and the organisational structure. Therefore, while the company decided to go for global expansion they should take into consideration every single element that is there in the model (DaSilva and Trkman, 2014). Therefore, if the company decided to take the value proposition into consideration then they should decide whether or not they should modify their product and the services or no t. Therefore, the choice is linked with the fact that to which market the firm is entering and why it is entering along with how it is entering the market. Therefore, the crafting of the global strategy depends on how the firm would adopt with their core business model and at the same time, it deals with how the organisation would gain competitive advantage through their globalised operations. The particular term here has been coined by two important people and those are Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema. According to them, the principle value propositions that are there in the business model are regarded as the value disciplines that are there in the business model. The critics often push the boundaries of the value discipline, in order to meet the industry standards that are there. The main reason behind this is that the market leaders not only take into consideration the consumer preferences but also at the same time, tries to align the entire business model in order to serve the chosen value discipline as well (Morris, et.al, 2015). The National Australian Bank could expand their business in the global market with the help of the value discipline that is there in the country. The value discipline of the company helps the organisation to not only perform over the time but also at the same time, it helps the firm to provide assistance and the help to the customers as well. The organisation maintains transparency and this is another reason behind the success of the organisation. Therefore, the organisation has provided around $300 million home lending to the people and in the case of the business lending, the amount is around $200 million. Therefore, it can be said that these steps alongside the value chain have been taken to help the customers. It is something that could actually help the organisation to receive a good customer base. Therefore, with respect to the achievement regarding the Net Promoter Score, the organisation has achieved the leading position and this has also lead to the success of the organisati on in the country (Digdeeper.nab.com.au, 2017). Therefore, the value proposition in the value chain could help the organisation to expand in the global market. References Bocken, N.M.P., Short, S.W., Rana, P. and Evans, S., 2014. A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, pp.42-56. DaSilva, C.M. and Trkman, P., 2014. Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), pp.379-389. Digdeeper.nab.com.au. (2017).Value Chain - NAB. Digdeeper.nab.com.au. (2017).Values-aligned Culture | Our Approach - NAB. Ghemawat, P., 2013.Redefining global strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. Harvard Business Press. Ghemawat, P., 2015. From International Business to Intranational Business. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 5-28). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Metcash Limited. (2017).About The Company - Metcash Limited.. Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., Richardson, J. and Allen, J., 2015. Is the business model a useful strategic concept? Conceptual, theoretical, and empirical insights.Journal of Small Business Strategy,17(1), pp.27-50.

Cultural Competence - Media and Safe Care- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about tehCultural Competence,Media and Safe Care. Answer: Introduction Healthcare is one of the most important aspects of any society. However, most importantly, informing people on health care, providing health care in a non-discriminative manner irrespective of cultural diversity that is common in most countries in the world is all that the media has tried to portray. The media is one of the channels that aids or rather play an important role in informing people about health care. Cultural safety can be described as a way recognizing and gaining knowledge in regards respecting the differences that exist in different culture in the provision of health services. About the media, it contains several items that can bring about cultural safe care in the people (Niederkrotenthaler, Reidenberg, Gould, 2014). Additionally, the media contains items whose roles go contrary to promoting cultural safe care to the people, in a way that embraces cultural diversity. Among the media items that act either negatively or positively about cultural safe care include but are not limited to videos, blogs, mini blogs, and articles. Australian media plays a pivotal role in cultural safe care. In addition to that, the countries boast of cultural diversity. In this paper, I intend to discuss cultural safe care, focusing on the role and power that can be attributed to the Australian media. In addition to that, the paper elaborates two media items that positively and negatively affects cultural safe care. Critical Analysis of the Role and Power of Australian Media Australian media has several powers and functions it plays. To start with, the media commands a large following of almost all Australian as a source of information. This is done as it relays information to the audience; it does this by relaying information through various means (Happer, Philo, 2016). That is movies, television, the Internet, and magazines. In addition to that, the media creates and sometimes reflects culture. Society is constantly in touch and bombarded by the messages that emanate from the various media outlets which include TV and magazines (Ebert, Kline, Moskowitz, Montealegre, Scheurer, 2014). Sociologists have come up with a term called mediated culture, a process where the media reflects and also creates a culture. On the other hand, the mainstream media acts as part of the power structure especially to elite individuals and most institutions. These groups and institutions often support ethnic status quo of the ruling or people that dominate the society. On the other hand, the Australian media sometimes acts as check and balance of the ruling class, the influential and people that constitute the elites within a community of The Australian Media act as a catalyst for change. It is through the mass media that most peoples attitude and habits have been able to transform and even change (Jalleh, Donovan, Lin, Slevin, 2008). This is in regards to the notion that most people have concerning prejudice and perceptions which are more often not true (Niederkrotenthaler, Reidenberg, Till, Gould, 2014). For instance, with the epidemic and fear of ailments such as HIV/AIDS and leprosy, a large number of people had a misconception that one can contract the virus through hand shake or touch an infected person (Possamai, Turner, Roose, Dagistanli, Voyce, 2013). The Australian media has thus been instrumental in bringing the change in such misleading notion that is above other things alienating and untrue. Additionally, the Australian media is at the forefront in airing special programs that seek to explain the need for people to embrace a new lifestyle that is healthy and does not pose a risk to lifestyle diseases. Therefore, the Australian media plays the role of bringing change to people and the country at large. Moreover, the media act as a platform for entertainment. Television and magazines have special programs that entertain viewers and readers. In addition to that, the sports that viewers watch through television sets are entertaining to viewers in many ways (Antheunis, Tates, Nieboer, 2013). The Australian media is therefore at the forefront of not only informing the public but also making sure that the society is in a happy mood. Therefore, Australian media acts as bodies that relay the information and news required by people. Also, the media has a role of educating the public, especially in areas that involve new thinking and those that brings about various views and misunderstanding. Moreover, the media has a role in impacting cultural exchange and diversity among all Australians irrespective of their cultural leanings (Walker, Schultz, Sonn, 2014). Lastly, the Australian media has a role in bringing positive change, either, that which concerns their health or the manner in which health practitioners provide their services to the larger Australian community. The Influence of the Media about Culturally Safe Care The media, as discussed above, has the various influence on people and society at large. In Australia, the media has been instrumental in promoting cultural safe care. To start with, the media educate people on various issues about health and cultural safe care (Esses, Medianu, Lawson, 2013). Scholars have this process as social marketing of cultural health care. In Australia for instance, the Aboriginal people claims that there has been discrimination against the provision of health services towards them as medical practitioners perceive them to be a lesser people of importance as compared to the larger extent of the Australian community (Durey, Thompson, 2012). In addition to that, the media can sometimes be used to dispel acts of racism be common amongst people of different races living together. Racism can be a factor that makes one discriminate against another in relaying information concerning the health of individuals and the need to not discriminate against that in the prov ision of health services. Moreover, the media, through magazines and television tries to dispel the notion of male superiority. It is through the media, among other channels that have been instrumental in portraying females as capable of proving better health services similar to men (Dutta, 2007). Thus, the idea that only males can provide better health care services ha been effectively been advocated against by the media. In several television series, women are portrayed as doctors, nurses among other health profession. The public is therefore welcoming the idea that it does not matter the sex of a person proving the services to them, but rather, the qualification that a person possess. In addition to that, the media has effectively been able to educate the public on quite a number of illnesses. The media has effectively been able to educate the public on various on diseases like Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola. The information is important in that the public can make an informed decision in regards to prevention and safety. On the other hand, as different cultures exist, it is important for health professionals to get information on different cultures and how societies interact (Ward, Coates, 2006). The media has therefore been able to encourage health care providers on the need to embrace different groups of peoples way of life. In doing so, the media, through magazines, blogs and television have effectively been able to make it possible for physicians and nurses to offer health services to all patients irrespective of their way of life, as they do so by embracing or rather respecting their way of life( Best, 2014). Taking Australia as an example, various communitie s have a different way of life, in regards to culture and perceptions concerning illnesses, the media, on the other hand, acts as a bridge between health care providers and the different cultures that exist in Australia. It, therefore, acts as an advocate for allowing cultural integration among medics in their work. Additionally, the media informs health care providers on the need to integrate sociology and other elements of equity, fairness, and justice in all the society irrespective of sex, race, age or culture in providing their services. Lastly, the media, like the Australian media items and platforms has made it possible for social marketing of positive health traits. The media incorporates marketing ideas in combination with social impact to motivate the public, patients and medics to conform to ethics and embrace good behaviors (Willis, Elmer, 2011). In simpler terms, the media helps in selling health goals. In regards to social marketing for improved health practices, the media take four major variables of marketing, that is, product, price, place, and promotion. To start with the product, it denotes the traits that the media is trying to impact on patients, medics and the public at large, for instance, embracing ethics, safer sex or avoidance of smoking. On the other hand, place represents the channels through which the information reaches the target audience, which can be through Australian magazines, blogs, television programs and the community (Willis, Elmer, 2011). Additionally, promotion refers to the various ways through which the media or health promoter passes the message on the benefits that comes with adopting the new traits, like safe sex, abstinence and nonsmoking. Lastly, the price represents the aspects that the audience, which is, patients, physicians and the public, in general, can give out, which may be psychological, time or values. ABC News Reporting that Compares Loneliness to Obesity Even though the media informs people and educate viewers or listeners, it can also be misleading in the sense that it give mislead people. For instance, in the ABC, on April 14th 2017 is on record broadcasting that loneliness cause obesity. Medical research refute search a claim as there has never been any scientific evidence or research that backs up the claim. Also, physicians disagree with the idea thus, the media being at the center stage in misleading people. ABC News on Mistreatment of Aborigine Disabled The media outlet has been put on notice in misinforming the public; however, there are positive aspects that a person can learn from the media items. For instance, on 5th December 2015, the ABC news media highlighted the discrimination that the Aborigines disabled face. It was a report that aimed at enlightening the public on the social injustice that the Aborigines Disabled continue to face in Australia. Thus, the media item was acting as a voice against injustice of the indigenous and of the disabled people which is a form of the positive aspect that the media items can sometimes have especially to the public. Conclusion The media has got several roles and power that commands greater influence on the public. Among the roles that the media has, is to educate the public, relay news to viewers and entertain audiences. The media also commands significant viewership from which it derives its power from, in addition to having the power of representing influential people within the society bot also large institutions that need to sell individual policies. Moreover, the media brings about change in society and inculcate cultural values that are shared among the existing communities that are shared among the communities that are in that locality. In Australia for instance, the media is credited with influencing cultural safe care in many ways, firstly, it educated physicians on the need not to discriminate people against the race, sex, age or cultural leanings. Moreover, the media has been instrumental in educating the public on various ailments such as HIV/AIDS and Malaria. Lastly, the media has a large infl uence on the Australian society in that it has effectively been able to do social marketing of health values and the need to embrace fairness in the provision health information to a physician, patient, and the public indiscriminately. In regards to the media items, there is two that relay positive and negative message to the public. These are television and the internet or social media. Television has got programs that educate the public of culturally safe care while the internet or social media contain inconsistency as any person can post and thus, act as a misleading platform for the Australian people. References Ebert, J., Kline, K., Moskowitz, D., Montealegre, J., Scheurer, M., (2014). The role of Media and the Internet on vaccine adverse event reporting: A case study of human papillomavirus vaccination. Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol.54(3), pp.289-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.005 Esses, V., Medianu, S., Lawson, A., (2013). Uncertainty, threat, and the role of the media in promoting the dehumanization of immigrants and refugees. Journal of Social Issues, Vol.69(3), pp.518-536, DOI: 10.1111/josi.12027 Happer, C., Philo, G., (2016) New approaches to understanding the role of the news media in the formation of public attitudes and behaviours on climate change. European Journal of Communication,Vol.31(2), pp.136-151. DOI: 10.1177/0267323115612213 Jalleh, G., Donovan, R., Lin, C., Slevin, T., (2008), Changing perceptions of solaria and cancer risk: The role of the media. Medical Journal of Australia, Jun 16, 2008, Vol.188(12), p.735 Niederkrotenthaler, T., Reidenberg, D., Till, B., Gould, M., (2014). Increasing Help-Seeking and referrals for individuals at risk for suicide by decreasing stigma: The role of mass media. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Vol.47(3), pp.S235-S243, DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.010 Possamai, A., Turner, B., Roose, J., Dagistanli, S., Voyce, M.,(2013). Defining the conversation about Shari: Representations in Australian Newspapers. Current Sociology, Vol.61(5-6), pp.626-645, DOI: 10.1177/0011392113488486 Durey, A., Thompson, S. C. (2012). Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians: Time to change focus. BMC Health Services Research, 12, 151-161. Retrieved from https://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/ps/i.do?p=AONEu=ntuid=GALE|A30118324 6v=2.1it=rsid=summonuserGroup=ntuauthCount=1 Ward, P., Coates, A. (2006) We shed tears but there is no one there to wipe them up for us: Narratives of (mis)trust in a materially deprived community. Health (London), 10(3), 283-301. DOI: 10.1177/1363459306064481 Dutta, M. J. (2007). Communicating about culture and health: Theorizing culture-centered and cultural sensitivity approaches. Communication Theory, 17(3), 304328. doi:10.1111/j.1468- 2885.2007.00297.x Best, O. (2014). The cultural safety journey: An Australian nursing context. In O. Best B. Fredericks (Eds.) Yatdjuligin: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nursing and midwifery care (pp. 51- 73). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. (Contact CDU Library or unit coordinator to access this publication) Walker, R., Schultz, C., Sonn, C. (2014). Extending competence through critical praxis. In P. Dudgeon, H. Milroy R. Walker (Eds.), Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice (2nd ed.) (pp. 195-220). ACT: Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved from https://aboriginal.telethonkids.org.au/media/699863/Working-Together-Book.pdf Willis, K., Elmer, S. (2011). Society, Culture and Health: An Introduction to Sociology for Nurses: Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Neiger, B. L., Thackeray, R., Van Wagenen, S. A., Hanson, C. L., West, J. H., Barnes, M. D., Fagen, M. C. (2012). Use of social media in health promotion purposes, key performance indicators, and evaluation metrics. Health promotion practice, 13(2), 159-164. Antheunis, M. L., Tates, K., Nieboer, T. E. (2013). Patients and health professionals use of social media in health care: Motives, barriers and expectations. Patient education and counseling, 92(3), 426-431.

Ann-Marie B. Gunselman Hist. 392 Dr. Tirado 3/27/96 The Impact Of Infe

Ann-Marie B. Gunselman Hist. 392 Dr. Tirado 3/27/96 The Impact of Infectious Disease in the New World "It is often said that in the centuries after Columbus landed in the New World on 12 October, 1492, more native North Americans died each year from infectious diseases brought by the European settlers than were born." (6) The decimation of people indigenous to the Americas by diseases introduced by European invaders is unprecedented. While it is difficult to accurately determine the population of the pre-Columbian Americas, scholars estimate the number to have been between 40 and 50 million people. The population in Mexico alone in 1519 is believed to have been approximately 30 million. By 1568, that number was down to 3 million inhabitants. Although there were other causes for the population reduction such as "alcoholism, warfare, genocide, cultural disruption, and declines in fertility", it is now known that disease played a central role in the depopulation of the Americas. But how is it that these native peoples harbored virtually no immunity to the European diseases? What were these diseases and how did they come to be so feared? Who introduced them to this New World? How did this biological disaster affect the social structure of the Indians? This brief will attempt to answer the preceding questions. How is the presence or absence of disease in the New World determined? Archeologists are able to determine if a society or individual fell prey to disease by examining teeth, bones, coprolites(feces), and artistic depictions. Through the excavations of burial mounds, scientists have discovered that certain afflictions existed even before the white man landed. "Missing limbs, skin diseases, blindness, cleft palate, clubfoot, "dental disease, parasites, arthritis, and tuberculosis are all thought to have existed in pre-Columbian America. However, tracing epidemiology in the 15th century is difficult because so little was done to identify and classify disease s and their symptoms during this time period. One might say that the New World was "ripe" for the onslaught of hitherto unknown diseases due to several demographic shifts prior to 1492. These are parallel to shifts that occurred in Europe such as the creation of large urban areas. Since city planning wasn't what it is today, cities were overcrowded, sewers were nonexistent or inefficient, and disease carrying vermin multiplied. This created a welcome mat for infectious disease in addition to the general uncleanliness of the population and the great number of transient people such as soldiers, students, thieves and the mentally ill. Another factor leading to the assault of disease on medieval Europe was the domestication of large mammals. These animals were the origins of some of the most cursed afflictions of the time. Smallpox is a derivative of cowpox, measles of canine distemper, and influenza of hog diseases. "At first, neither young or old were spared. After generations, suscep tible individuals were eliminated and resistant survivors dominated the gene pool. Diseases went from epidemics to childhood ills." (6) It was in this form that diseases were carried to the New World by unsuspecting conquistadors, to a population that had experienced its' own shifts to largely urban and sedentary lifestyles that become fertile ground for such an unseemly weapon of destruction. "Smallpox made its American debut in 1519, when it struck the Caribbean island of Santo Domingo, killing up to half of the indigenous population. From there outbreaks spread across the Antilles islands, onto the Mexican mainland, through the Isthmus of Panama and into South America." (2) Some of the other diseases that followed this path were measles, plagues(bubonic and pulmonary), gonorrhea(from soldiers raping native women), mumps, typhoid, and cholera. Two African diseases, malaria and yellow fever, also came to Central American probably because of the ideal weather conditions in this regi on. Prior to 1492, the Americas harbored relatively few infectious diseases. It is believed that the New World lived in virtual biological isolation from the rest of the planet due to the absence of domesticated animals and because of the path in which the Indians predecessors traveled. We know from origins of disease in Europe, that domesticated animals were to blame for the start of many epidemics. The New World lacked domesticated animals due to the extinction of large mammals,

Censorship Essays - Cryptographic Software, Cryptography

Censorship Essays - Cryptographic Software, Cryptography Censorship During the last decade, our society has become based on the sole ability to move large amounts of information across great distances quickly. Computerization has influenced everyone's life in numerous ways. The natural evolution of computer technology and this need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global network allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second, and allows a common person to access wealths of information worldwide. This newfound global network, originally called Arconet, was developed and funded solely by and for the U.S. government. It was to be used in the event of a nuclear attack in order to keep communications lines open across the country by rerouting information through different servers across the country. Does this mean that the government owns the Internet, or is it no longer a tool limited by the powers that govern. Generalities such as t! hese have sparked great debates within our nation's government. This paper will attempt to focus on two high profile ethical aspects concerning the Internet and its usage. These subjects are Internet privacy and Internet censorship. At the moment, the Internet is epitome of our first amendment, free speech. It is a place where a person can speak their mind without being reprimanded for what they say or how they choose to say it. But also contained on the Internet, are a huge collection of obscene graphics, Anarchists' cookbooks, and countless other things that offend many people. There are over 30 million Internet surfers in the U.S. alone, and much is to be said about what offends whom and how. As with many new technologies, today's laws don't apply well when it comes to the Internet. Is the Internet like a bookstore, where servers can not be expected to review every title? Is it like a phone company who must ignore what it carries because of privacy; or is it like a broadcast medium, where the government monitors what is broadcast? The problem we are facing today is that the Internet can be all or none of the above depending on how it is used. Internet censorship, what does it mean? Is it possible to censor amounts of information that are all alone unimaginable? The Internet was originally designed to "find a way around" in case of broken communications lines, and it seems that explicit material keeps finding its "way around" too. I am opposed to such content on the Internet and therefore am a firm believer in Internet censorship. However, the question at hand is just how much censorship the government impose. Because the internet has become the largest source of information in the world, legislative safeguards are indeed imminent. Explicit material is not readily available over the mail or telephone and distribution of obscene material is illegal. Therefore, there is no reason this stuff should go unimpeded across the Internet. Sure, there are some blocking devices, but they are no substitute for well-reasoned law. To counter this, the United States has set regulations to determine what is categori! zed as obscenity and what is not. By laws set previously by the government, obscene material should not be accessible through the Internet. The problem society is now facing is that cyberspace is like a neighborhood without a police department. "Outlaws" are now able to use powerful cryptography to send and receive uncrackable communications across the Internet. Devices set up to filter certain communications cannot filter that which cannot be read, which leads to my other topic of interest: data encryption. By nature, the Internet is an insecure method of transferring data. A single E-mail packet may pass through hundreds of computers between its source and destination. At each computer, there is a chance that the data will be archived and someone may intercept the data, private or not. Credit card numbers are a frequent target of hackers. Encryption is a means of encoding data so that only someone with the proper "key" can decode it. So far, recent attempts by the government to control data encryption have failed. They are concerned that encryption will block their monitoring capabilities, but there is nothing wrong with

Internet Addiction and College students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet Addiction and College students - Essay Example Tan (2001) said that the Internet use plays a major role in education for students as well as for the professionals to make things easier; it greatly enhances the learning and practices of individuals and that it is meant to cause students learning and their performance at their performance at the higher-level Mayer (2000). However, there are reports that reveal, there are negative effects brought by heavy Internet use on one's psychological wellbeing (Young, 2004). Anderson (2000) explained that, internet dependent students' average use reached about 29 minutes per day. These users utilize synchronous communication internet application nearly ten times more than the non-dependent students, who only spent an average of 3 minutes per day doing the same activities due to the fact that, users are able to get quality information from internet facilities (Asemi 2005). However, there are reports that reveal, there are negative effects brought by heavy Internet use on one's psychological wellbeing (Young, 2004), with 8% - 13% of undergraduates allegedly addicted to internet use. The said uses have resulted to impairment among individuals' psychological well-being, academic performance and peer and family interactions (Scherer, 1997 Young, 1998). Moreover, this phenomenon of extreme use has been known as "Internet addiction (Young, 2004) and "problematic Internet use" (Caplan, 2002 & Shapira, et. al. 2003).The American Psychologist Association has prescribed criteria as basis whether or not a person be diagnosed for internet addiction disorder, and these are as follows: (1) Tolerance, which refers to individual's need for increasing quantity of time consumed on the Internet for satisfaction purposes; (2) Two or more withdrawal symptoms that develop in days until one a month or even after; (3) Use of the Internet in order to alleviate or avoid withdr awal symptoms; (4) The Internet is repeatedly accessed more often; if not, for longer periods that the intended time; (5) The individual loss of an important relationship, or still at risk of losing; loss of job, educational or career opportunity due to the excessive use of the Internet, and several other reasons.Bratter and Forest (cited by Freeman, 1992) characterized addiction as "a behavior pattern of obsessive drug use due to overwhelming involvement. Psychologist Kimberly S. Young, investigation nearly 500 heavy Internet users by compared their behaviors. Using the clinical criteria formulated by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV and was also published by the American Psychiatric Association; results showed that, eighty percent (80%) of the participants were dependent Internet users. She further elaborated that, "internet use can disrupt an individual's social, academic, financial, and professional life just as the same with other well-documented add ictions" (Young, 1996). Psychodynamic and personality perspectives can be accounted for addiction during early childhood traumas, relationship with certain personality traits/disorders, as well as inherited psychological dispositions (Sue,

What were the economic, social, and political consequences of the rise Essay

What were the economic, social, and political consequences of the rise of big business - Essay Example Although business and capitalism have their critics, they have provided an unalloyed good for humankind. This brief essay will explore the rise of big business and its economic, social, and political consequences. It will be hard to do this in such a short space, but even a brief summary indicates the resounding importance of this topic. The truth is that big business is all around us each and every day. It has shaped our lives in ways we do not even understand. The rise of big business can be traced back to the earliest days of human social organization. Back then various tribes lived in remote areas. There were no roads or train tracks connecting disparate human communities. Everyone had to rely on themselves. Slowly, however, contact was made and the tribes began to work together. The main way they did this was to trade. Trade permitted communities to dramatically increase their resources both by making use of things they had and trading a superabundance of these things for resour ces that they did not. From these humble beginnings, the first businesses began to grow. A business is usually an organization that makes or distributes an item or a service that people need. It is hard to think of a business that fulfills a goal which an individual could easily do on their own. Businesses are pooled resources and knowledge that make our lives more convenient and successful. However, it was not a direct path from these early tribe-like businesses to the businesses of today. One of the most important steps was urbanization. As people came to live together in large groups, cities developed. These large populations needed to be supported with businesses. These businesses often worked in close vicinity with one another in a marketplace. All cultures have marketplaces—they are sometimes known as bazaars in the Eastern parts of the world. From this accumulation, a number of phenomenon occurred. Businesses wanted to be more and more successful, and so they asked the government to develop policies which would help businesses grow. Politicians liked money, so they were happy to help businesses make more of it. For some critics of businesses this nexus between government and business is a negative one. However, while there have certainly been many corrupt governments over the years, and many politicians do enjoy lining their own pockets, it is not fair to criticize business for this reason. The truth is that politicians tend to listen to business interest for one very important reason: almost everyone works for a business of some sort. Businesses play an extremely important role in employing people and paying tax revenue which governments rely on to provide services for people. They are all around us at all times. Without big business we would not have cars, computers, food, ultrasounds, airplanes, movies, magazines, newspapers, soap, and many other things which use every day. We need to carefully consider the impact of business before complainin g about its rise. Business is at the heart of many political disputes. The 20th century saw the rise of Communism and its very anti-business ethos. Communists did not believe in the private sector. They felt that the government should run all businesses and control all private enterprise. Rather than permitting a market, or conglomeration of supply and demand, to decide the price of items, instead Communists believed that a central government would be able to do this much more effectively. Communists took over countries such as Russia and China and tried to destroy all private businesses. In other Communist countries foreign businesses were nationalized and brought under the control of the government. In each of these countries, the economy fell off a cliff. It became clear soon enough that governments

Fieldwork Research Paper - Buddhism Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fieldwork - Buddhism - Research Paper Example This fieldwork project was carried out during two trips to the Center on April 27th, and May 1st. This researcher had sent a preliminary e-mail query on April 23rd describing summarily the fieldwork to be performed. Lama Chuck replied personally and said that he would be happy to oblige and thought that it would be beneficial for me to attend the evening classes on the 27th, which included: 6pm, Meditation Instruction; 7pm, Group Meditation Practice; and 7:45pm, Becoming Enlightened. The latter class included an induction to the foundations of Buddhism as well as comparing and contrasting it with other religions. This seemed advantageous as the purpose of this research was to gain a deeper understanding of Buddhism and its ability to translate its teachings to other cultures as well as other religions. This researcher was intrigued by the fact that on its website this center describes itself as, â€Å"†¦a (non-sectarian) Center dedicated to the cultivation of wisdom and compass ion.† (The Rime Center 2011) Which seems odd since one might think that Buddhism is a religion and therefore sectarian, or is it a philosophy and therefore non-sectarian? A further question arose as to one of the central practices of Buddhism, as well as other Eastern religions/philosophies, the practice of meditation. What is it? Is it a spiritual experience or simply a stress reduction method as viewed by the western eye? Again is it sectarian or non-sectarian? These are the core questions that this research will attempt to unravel. Research: Literature During this researchers filed trip to the Rime center, Lama Chuck recommended several books which are presented here as well as much of my own research of different articles and items that added to the overall appreciation of this Buddhist center. They are presented first to give the reader an overall view of Buddhism and some insight into the conversations and interviews that took place during the filed study. It is generall y considered that there are two traditional lines of Buddhist thought Theravada and Madhyamaka. Theravada is the more conservative and traditional Buddhist approach. This Pali word literally means â€Å"the teaching of the elders† and it is the oldest of the Buddhist practices. â€Å"Theravadin Buddhists study the early scriptures in Pali, honor the life of renunciation, and follow mindfulness meditation teachings.† (Fisher 2005: 142) In this tradition the Buddha is certainly an historical figure that now no longer exists but has left his teachings or the â€Å"Dharma† as a guide for his followers.. Madhyamaka (also known as Mahayan) regards the Buddha as a universal principle. Literally translated as â€Å"The Middle Way,† Madhyamaka represents in a sense the line between conservative and liberal of the traditions and in life itself. It is the dividing line between polar opposites. Metaphysically, Buddha is said to be an immanent presence in the universe with three aspects, or â€Å"bodies†: first, the enlightened wisdom of a Buddha, which is formless; second, the body of bliss, celestial aspect of Buddhahood that communicates the dharma to bodhisattvas; and the third body of transformation, by which the Buddha

Equity and Trusts †Problem Question

Equity and Trusts – Problem Question James has died recently, and has left a properly executed will in respect of his estate. There are a number of provisions in this will, including a substantial financial legacy to his sister, a trust over James’ leasehold estate for which the trustee has since died, a trust of  £100,000 for the purpose of benefitting James’ friends’ dependants completing studies, a gift of his collection of coins and mints, and a gift of Jack Daniels whiskey and some money to his niece. Each of these provisions of the will present certain problems. The provisions will be addressed individually in order to assess their status, and determine who will actually get what under James’ will. The first provision, then, is a gift of  £100,000 to his â€Å"beloved sister† Emily, with an obligation on Emily to use a â€Å"reasonable amount† to look after James’ step-daughter, Mary. This would appear to create a trust over a portion, but not all, of the  £100,000 in question. As identified in the seminal case of Milroy v Lord (1862), a trust can be created either where a person declares himself or herself a trustee over property the legal title of which he or she holds, for the benefit of (that is, beneficial ownership lies with) another; or where a person transfers his property to trustees on trust. It is established, however, that a trust obligation can only subsist in relation to specific trust property. James’ clear intention here to create a trust will not, on its own, be sufficient to benefit his step-daughter if it cannot be ascertained exactly what the trust property was intended to be. This brings us to a fundamental requisite of valid trusts; the so-called three certainties, identified by Lord Langdale in Knight v Knight (1840), when he was Master of the Roll. The three certainties that must be present are certainty of words (or intention), certainty of subject matter and certainty of objects. In relation to certainty of intention, one must consider James’ wording. He does not specifically mention a â€Å"trust†. This may not be fatal to the successful establishment of one, however, as his â€Å"absolute confidence† that his sister will use some of the money for the specified purpose would probably qualify as â€Å"precatory words†; which would be sufficient. In Re Adams and Kensington Vestry (1884), the words used in a similar provision were â€Å"in full confidence that [the testator’s wife] would do what was right as to the disposal [of the trust property] between his children†. Cotton J, in the Court of Appeal, suggest ed precatory words alone were insufficient, but a valid trust may be created in the wider context of the will. Again, James’ words would appear to qualify as he has created other trusts. There may also be a problem with this provision in relation to the specific subject matter of the trust. Trust property must be clearly defined, otherwise the trust will fail for lack of certainty. Here, James has asked that a â€Å"reasonable amount† be used for the upbringing of his step-daughter. The court may be prepared to define a â€Å"reasonable amount†, however, following such cases as Re Golay’s Will Trusts (1965). Here, the wording provided for a â€Å"reasonable income† for the legatee, and Ungoed-Thomas J considered the term to be sufficiently objective to be capable of quantification. It seems this provision will be valid if two conditions are met; namely James’ use of precatory words are considered sufficient in the context to create a trust, which seems likely, and the court is prepared to define â€Å"reasonable amount† as the subject matter of the trust which, again, seems likely. The second provision in James’ will relates to his leasehold estate in Blackacre, which he wishes to pass to his nephew John, whom he desires to use the rent for the estate for either James’ children who John thinks are most deserving, or for John’s own children. There are a number of interesting, and potentially problematic, aspects of this provision. The first is that it relates to a trust over land. Under the Law of Property Act 1925, there are further formalities that must be observed when creating a trust over land. The trust will only be validly constituted if legal title to the trust property is effectively transferred to the trustee, John. Section 52 of the LPA 1925 states that any conveyance of land must be effected by deed. Mere writing (such as in James’ will) or an oral transfer, or even physical possession of the land will be insufficient. An assignment of title to a testator’s leasehold estate to an intended beneficiary’s mother was held invalid because it was not done by deed in Richards v Delbridge (1874). It seems that this trust would have failed for this reason. The trustee, John, however, died without distributing any of the rent from the leasehold property. The trust has therefore failed for two reasons (the trustee’s death and the absence of a proper assignment of legal title to the trustee). What, then, happens to the leasehold estate? It will become a resulting trust. The beneficial interest â€Å"results† back to the settlor or his successors, and the trustee holds on bare trust for that party. This is known as an Automatic Resulting Trust (ART). In probate terms, the interest will revert to James’ estate and will be distributed in accordance either with other provisions of his will, or with the intestacy rules. The third provision in James’ will relates to  £100,000 which he has given to Mark in order that Mark can invest it and use the income to help â€Å"any of [James’] friends’ dependants complete law degrees. This will meet the requirements of an express trust in terms of its certainty of subject matter. The  £100,000 is a specific sum of money that is to be made the subject of the trust. In this instance, however, we must consider the nature of purposes in the context of trusts. The law of trusts allows individuals to devote their property to the carrying out of specific purposes. There are, however, a number of restrictions on how this can be done. Purposes often involve both trusts and contractual obligations to carry out some action. The general starting point in this discussion is that unless it is a charitable purpose, the law in England does not generally allow the simple transfer of property on trust to carry out a particular purpose. Using Penner†™s example, â€Å" £10,000 on trust to oppose UK entry into the common European currency† would be likely to fail.[1] In order to assess whether James’ provision to Mark of  £100,000 for the designated purpose is valid, the â€Å"beneficiary principle† must be considered. This states that for a trust to be valid, it must be for the benefit of ascertainable individuals. This provision is not a pure purpose trust, which would fail under English law, but rather it is for the benefit of certain individuals. In Morice v Bishop of Durham (1805), Sir William Grant, then Master of the Rolls, said â€Å"there can be no trust, over the exercise of which this Court will not assume a control; for an uncontrollable power of disposition would be ownership, and not trust †¦ There must be somebody, in whose favour the court can decree performance.† In this case, as mentioned, there are a particular group of potential beneficiaries of the trust; it is not simply â€Å"for the general advancement of legal studies†, for example. Although the beneficiary principle would appear to be m et, then, it is a corollary of the requirement of certainty of objects, to which we now turn. For a trust to be valid, the objects of the trust (that is, the beneficiaries), must be certain. In other words the trust must be expressed in such a way as to enable the trustees, or in their default, the court, to identify who exactly the beneficiaries are. The trust of  £100,000 to Mark is characteristic of a discretionary, rather than a fixed, trust, meaning that the precise benefit to specific individuals is not defined by James. Rather, Mark will exercise discretion as to who, from the group of possible beneficiaries, will benefit. In McPhail v Doulton (1971), the House of Lords stated that the test for certainty of objects in trusts such as this one should be similar to the test for objects of powers. It should, in other words, be possible to say of any given individual that he or she is, or is not, part of the specified class of beneficiaries. Subsequently, in Re Baden’s Deed Trusts (No 2) (1972), the Court of Appeal stated that when this test is applied, a discretio nary trust will be valid so long as the beneficiaries can be identified with â€Å"conceptual certainty†. How does this apply to the present case? The discretionary trust relates to â€Å"any of my friends’ dependants†. This is of course, subjective. Who is, or is not, James’ friend? And who qualifies as a dependant of those friends? An early test for this problem was the so-called â€Å"complete list† test, which was applied in IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust (1955). Jenkins LJ stated that â€Å"a trust for such members of a given class of objects as the trustees shall select is void for uncertainty, unless the whole range of objects eligible for selection is ascertained or capable of ascertainment.†[2] Clearly, in the present case, it is unlikely that an exhaustive list of the potential beneficiaries will be able to be compiled. The test was, however, criticised in subsequent cases as failing to deal adequately with developing discretionary trusts that covered larger groups of potential beneficiaries. In McPhail v Doulton (mentioned above, in which the purported discretionary trust was very similar to the present one), the complete list test was discarded in favour of the â€Å"is or is not† test. Unfortunately for the present trust, however, it would most likely still be invalid on the basis of administrative unworkability. Again, this concept arose in McPhail v Doulton, when Lord Wilberforce stated that there may be classes where â€Å"the meaning of the words used is clear but the definition of the beneficiaries is so wide as to not form â€Å"anything like a class† so that the trust is administratively unworkable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [3] Given the potential size of the class of beneficiaries here (depending of course on James’ popularity), this trust would probably fail. The fourth provision relates to James’ collection of coins and mints which he gives on trust in order that any of his colleagues who wish to do so to purchase them at half price. The rest are to go to James’ sister, Lora. The first issue here is the identity of James’ trustees. He has not specified who will be the trustee(s) in this case. This is not, however, a significant problem as it is well established that trusts will not fail for want of a trustee. This applies either where no trustee is specified (as is apparently the case here), or where the specified trustee is unwilling to accept this responsibility. If no willing trustee can be found, Public Trustee will be appointed as a last resort. Provision for this office was made in the Public Trustee Act 1906 (section 2(3)). Alternatively the court may appoint a trust corporation to administer the trust pursuant to section 42 of the Trustee Act 1925. This first issue with the present trust, then, presents no re al problem. The trust property is James’ â€Å"valuable collection of coins and mints†. This is unproblematic, assuming that the collection can be physically located. It should be relatively clear what forms part of the collection and what does not. The requirement for certainty of subject matter will therefore be met. The class of beneficiaries is expressed as being James’ colleagues. This is not a discretionary trust in the same way as the one discussed earlier, as the trustees have no discretion as to who will benefit from the trust. Rather it is the potential beneficiaries who may exercise their discretion to purchase items from the collection. The equitable maxim that â€Å"equity treats as done that which ought to be done† would apply a constructive trust here, if there was a specifically enforceable contract to sell the property to the beneficiaries. There is not, however, as the potential beneficiaries have not yet decided to accept. In the present context, a further requirement of a valid trust is worth considering; namely that where a settlor wishes to create a trust over which a third party is trustee, the legal or beneficial title to the subject matter of the trust must be effectively transferred to the trustee. James’ words here refer to his â€Å"trustees†. In Choithram (T) International SA v Pagarani (2001), it was held that where it is intended that there be a body of trustees, it will be sufficient to transfer title to one member of that body. The rules of effective transfer of title vary according to the type of property in question, and are most lenient in relation to chattels (which cover the collection here). Title may be transferred either by deed or gift, or delivery of possession. It is likely that the will, if correctly executed, will be sufficient for this transfer. There is, in trust law, a rule against perpetuities. This states that gifts of property must vest within a certain period of time. James’ sister is due to inherit the remainder of the collection at some point in the future, but this is not defined. The perpetuity period is â€Å"a life in being plus twenty-one years†.[4] This limits the period of time in which the remainder of the collection must vest in Lora. The final provision in James’ will relates to 20 bottles of Jack Daniels whiskey that is stored in his cellar, and  £500 from his City Bank plc savings account, which he gifts to his niece, Emily. This is, on the face of it, unproblematic. It would appear to meet the requisite standards of certainty in relation to words (or intention), subject matter, and objects. The wording clearly creates a testamentary gift. Assuming James has only one niece called Emily, the intended beneficiary will be clearly identifiable. Ostensibly, also, the subject matter of the trust should be sufficiently certain. The problem, however, relates to the fact that in James’ cellar there are 40 bottles of Jack Daniels; and in the relevant savings account, there is  £1000. The testamentary gift therefore relates only to half of these items. It is clear that a trust cannot exist in abstract. It must relate to specific assets or else it will fail. By way of example, in Hemmens v Wilson Browne (a firm) (1995), an agreement allowing a person to call for a payment of a specified sum at any time did not create a valid trust because no specific property had been identified as the subject matter of the obligation. There â€Å"was no identifiable fund to which any trust could attach.†[5] In the present case, there is no conceptual uncertainty as to the intended trust property, however, as it explicitly relates to bottles of whiskey and money. The problem arises, however, because the property is unascertained. In Re London Wine Co (Shippers) Limited (1975), a customer order for a consignment of wine was unable to create a trust over specific bottles in the seller’s warehouse because the specific property could not be ascertained. The customer’s specific order had not been appropriated from the general stock. This would suggest that the gift to Emily would fail for similar reasons. The Privy Council confirmed the approach in Re Goldcorp Exchange Limited (In Receivership) (1995) in relation to gold bullion. Again, specific orders had not been appropriated from the general stock so the trust failed. This is not conclusive, however, as an alternative approach occasionally adopted by the courts should be considered. In Hunter v Moss (1994), an oral declaration of trust was made over 5% of the issued share capital of a private company in which the settlor owned 950 shares. The court held that this was not void because the specific shares had not been segregated from the remainder of the shares. This decision, although it might help on the successful implementation of Emily’s trust, has been criticised as being inconsistent with the earlier Privy Council decision. One justification for following the decision in Hunter was offered in Re Harvard Securities Limited (In Liquidation) (1997) a s being that Hunter related to shares and not chattels. In the present context then, it seems that the trust over the money in the account might be valid, but that over the whiskey may not be. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Law of Property Act 1925 Public Trustee Act 1906 Trustee Act 1925 Cases Choithram (T) International SA v Pagarani [2001] 2 All ER 492 Hemmens v Wilson Browne [1995] Ch 223 Hunter v Moss [1994] 1 WLR 452 IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust [1955] Ch 20, CA Knight v Knight (1840) 3 Beav 148 McPhail v Doulton [1971] AC 424 Milroy v Lord (1862) 4 De GF J 264 Morice v Bishop of Durham (1805) 10 Ves 522 Re Adams and Kensington Vestry LR (1884) 27 Ch D 394 Re Baden’s Deed Trusts (No 2) [1972] Ch 607 Re Golay’s Will Trusts [1965] 2 All ER 660 Re Goldcorp Exchange Limited (In Receivership) [1995] 1 AC 74 Re Harvard Securities Limited [1997] 2 BCLC 369 Re London Wine Co (Shippers) Limited (1975) 126 NLJ 977 Richards v Delbridge (1874) LR 18 Eq 11 Secondary sources Martin, J.E. (2001) Hanbury and Martin – Modern Equity, 16th Edition (London: Sweet Maxwell) Pearce, R. and Stevens, J. (2006) The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations, 4th Edition (Oxford: OUP) Penner, J.E. (2004) The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition (London: LexisNexis) Footnotes [1] Penner, J.E. (2004) The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition (London: LexisNexis), p254 [2] [1955] Ch 20, CA, per Jenkins LJ at 31 [3] [1971] AC 424, per Lord Wilberforce at 457 [4] Pearce, R. and Stevens, J. (2006) The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations, 4th Edition (Oxford: OUP), p404 [5] [1995] Ch 223, per Mosely J at 232

Harmony and Howling †African and European Roots of Jamaican Music Essa

Harmony and Howling — African and European Roots of Jamaican Music English colonial rule began in Jamaica in the year 1655. The growth of a plantation culture in the West Indies quickly changed the need for labor in the area. Between 1700 and 1786, more than 600,000 African slaves were brought to Jamaica. These slaves were required to work for their English colonial masters who would purchase them from slave traders at various ports around the island. Slaves were abducted from various regions of Africa, and brought over to the New World in large boats, packed to the teeth with the Africans. The slave trade over the Atlantic served as a connection between the West Indies- islands in the Caribbean, and what was to become the United states. In fact there was a large amount of interchange of slaves between these two regions. Therefore, an American reader with an understanding of the Atlantic slave trade in his own history will have some sort of an understanding of how this system worked. Slavery was not a system designed to accomidate freewill. Slaves were literally kidnapped from Africa, and as soon as they were in custody of slave traders they were assigned a submissive position under the white and Arabian merchants. When the slaves entered the New World, they remained in this submissive role and were forced into labor. Any freewill was instantly compromised the moment a shackle was placed around the limb of an African. European, Spanish, and Arab slave traders did not particularly like the Africans who were "volunteered" into slavery. Their actions, which were considered ugly and unacceptable reinforced their submissive position under the Europeans. An example of this kind of thought is the practice some African people had of "picking lice off their heads, with their fingers, putting them in their mouth and eating them." According to this slave trader, monkeys "had a parallel custom." Observations such as these reinforced the stereotype of slaves being monkeys. This is an example of how blacks, in a white mind, could descend to the level of an animal. Today we have a term for this: Ethnocentrism, but in the days of slavery this European view drawn from their own culture only served to further compromise the dignity of the Africans in the slave trade. This degrading view of Africans also made the moral aspect of slavery easier to digest. The E... ...ngs that created Reggae music. This music came out of a struggle between black and white, and the return to Africa reinforces the black nature of the music, almost subjecting the European tradition to a submissive role. In this respect Reggae music is a response to the European traditions that were inflicted onto black slaves in Colonial times in an unjust manner. Listen: The exploitation and eventually liberation of the Jamaican people have produced a very unique social condition. Reggae music is an optimistic answer to the history of oppression that draws upon the past, and uses it as a resource. In order for there to be a good future, the past must be considered and accepted. There is no way to right the wrongs of Jamaican history, but there is a way to promote awareness of these wrongs. The harmony that exists in reggae music between African and European tradition is a symbol for how it should exist in the world, and perhaps it is a map of how to get there. If two different combating traditions can exist in one music, then it is very possible for them to exist in every other facet of our society. Is this possible? What one person considers a howl is another's harmony.

Court Issues Analysis Essay

In discussions regarding court system issues, most tend to forget that crimes would not happen if there were proper societal values in place and those values were enforced. Society has shifted from a culture of marriage, family values and strong familiar bonds to a culture that cultivates a staggering divorce rate, single mothers with many children born out of wedlock with little to no income. A culture that is has no patriarchal figure to lead and teach the children right from wrong aids and abets a systematic control of the poor and minorities. Instead of encouraging the pursuit of education, society encourages the pursuit of false hope and dreams through get rich quick methods that essentially remove the rights of those who chose to pursue criminal behavior. Most are imprisoned due to criminal activity and having no fatherhood figure themselves, there is no sense of value to one’s life. This loss of the father figure not living in the home, especially in the African America n and Hispanic communities, has a negative outcome not only in the community, but on society as a whole. Without the complete family unit to provide guidance, encourage the children to stay in school and avoid criminal activity, or to become a productive member of society; then our court systems will continue to provide severe punishment for minor crimes and negative social behaviors when the court should offer solutions to preventative crime and supportive services to those families whose members are involved in the vicious cycle of incarceration. Victims’ assistance programs should also support the families of the criminal, as well as the providing treatment programs and assistance to those. The majority of innovation and changes made to the court system over the past 30 years have been tested and administered in urban locales or focused on suburban jurisdictions, where a bulk of the financial resources are given due to the larger population. Rural areas tend to have much larger geographic locales, smaller populations and limited legal, social and health services to assist the general public; this can provide a challenge for rural courts. With the lack of specialized justice practitioners and service providers, rural court jurisdictions tend to work closer with the community when handing out sentencing and punishment. Research conducted by the Justice Management Institute suggests six areas where the criminal justice system needs improvement, after some review I have combined them into the four topics below. Improvement of Court Practices and Procedures for Indigent Litigants The first thing the courts need to work on is improving practices and procedures for self-represented defendants. This includes proper caseload management, administrative management techniques that are informative and efficient so that no cases or indigent defendants become ‘lost’ within the incarceration process and are given the right to due process. In order for the aforementioned to work there would have to be an upgrade to the current indigent defense services that are available to defendants. This includes public defenders that are compensated with good salaries and other support needed to manage caseloads; making them more prepared to battle for their client’s freedom instead of plea-bargaining an agreement. One change that should be made is the building of informative websites that provide information about the court system and the types of cases that are handled by jurisdiction. Providing the public with listings of case statuses and docket information can be helpful for pro bono attorney looking for clients to represent, and having detailed information and the proper forms that would be needed for a person to represent oneself in court; can help disperse the caseload. The development of performance standards and methods for supervising attorneys, assigned counsel, and court officials will ensure that courtroom behavior is ethical and in favor of the defendants. Enhanced Technology and Information Management The enhancement of technology is another area of concern regarding court administration today. Modernization of older court buildings with upgrades to newer security features, such as video cameras and weapon detection systems, can offer a greater sense of security for the public and those involved in the court process. The employment of properly trained security guards, who are rehearsed in threat assessment, will ensure that future security officers are able to handle any crisis that may occur. This includes the effective use of communication equipment, proper weapons training and new technologies that are implemented. The employing of degreed peace officers as administrative staff, who have a working knowledge of security systems and policing; that are familiar with the software used, and any hardware that is required to provide a safe court environment, ensures that security processes and procedures will be followed. Storing of information is important when building databases to control the flow of information within the court system and making sure that information is secure, obtainable and available to all jurisdictions is not only beneficial in the court process but should be a priority to ensure that the system does not become overloaded. This includes the creation and updating of all proper forms, documentation, and the incorporation of any digital media that is needed to complete the judiciary process; plus the technical support and communication infrastructure to manage all the information. Finally, the proper training for court staff on how to access all information, customer service in providing the appropriate assistance and the relaying of proper information to the public and for all justice system practitioners and service providers. Web based education is a consistent way to ensure that all court personnel receive the same standard of training in core subjects. Greater Availability of Community Programs Having readily available resources to provide those who have addiction problems or commit crimes due to addiction, such as inpatient/outpatient programs, drug court and probation programs that teach recovery and coping skills, and providing transportation vouchers to those defendants who do not own or have vehicles. Although some courts have drug courts, the establishment of a mental health court could substantially help with caseload. With qualified treatment providers and caseworkers who are educated in mental illness (with or without drug abuse training) can provide information to the court through home visits, doctor office visits, and the tracking of those individuals who are required to be on medication and in treatment programs while on probation, thus being able to use the information gathered to forecast defendants whose criminal actions are due to some sort of mental illness. Overcoming Language Barriers Providing improved court interpreter services through technology will allow for greater range of court interpreter services. Language barriers are one of the biggest issues with the illegal immigrant population. It is imperative that court system recruit interpreters who are fluent in many languages, so that those who do not have a good command of the law are able to understand what crime has been committed and the punishment for that action, why that particular action is a crime, and to ensure that they understand the court process in relation to their rights. Judges, attorneys and client representative should also be trained in several languages or be given access to a competent interpreter so that nothing can be lost in translation. Through the use of technology, such as Skype, court interpreters can instruct, educate and disseminate information so that those who do not understand will have some comprehension of the resources available to them and the sentencing/punishment that is handed down. References Robinson, M. B. (2009). Justice blind? Ideals and realities of American criminal justice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall.

A Collection of Funny Relationship Quotes

A Collection of Funny Relationship Quotes Funny situations occur when you have complicated relationships. Look around you, and youll see that chaotic relationship  sometimes lead to amusing situations. Movies are made about relationships gone bad or just beginning. When you go to a party, you can observe couples and tell which couple had a fight before coming to the party and which one will have a fight after the party.When relationships go sour, it helps to look at the funny side. Instead of being anxious about your love life, make a joke about it and move on. If you have been through heartbreak, laugh at your mistake. The quicker you bounce back, the easier you are able to move on  and develop new relationships. Here are funny relationship quotes that will put a smile on your face the next time you are feeling down over your relationship. Linda FestaThe most important thing in a relationship between a man and a woman is that one of them be good at taking orders.Erma BombeckMarriage has no guarantees. If that’s what you’re looking for, go live with a car battery.Frederick RyderWhen a man goes on a date, he wonders if he is going to get lucky. A woman already knows.Sarah DessenRelationships dont always make sense. Especially from the outside.Jonathan CarrollYou have to walk carefully in the beginning of love; the running across fields into your lovers arms can only come later when youre sure they wont laugh if you trip.Samuel GoldwynA bachelors life is no life for a single man.Mark Twain What would men be without women? Scarce, sir, mighty scarce.Bobby KeltonThe difference between being in a relationship and being in prison is that in prisons they let you play softball on the weekends.Agatha ChristieAn archeologist is the best husband any woman can have; the older she gets, the more interested he is in her .Glenn BeckRemember, beneath every cynic there lies a romantic, and probably an injured one.Benjamin FranklinKeep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterward.Laurence J. PeterIts better to have loved and lost than to do 40 pounds of laundry a week.Henry YoungmanSome people ask the secret of our long marriage. We take the time to go to a restaurant two times a week. A little candlelight, dinner, soft music and dancing. She goes Tuesdays; I go Fridays.Men are from Earth. Women are from Earth. Deal with it.Ronnie ShakesRelationships give us a reason to live. Revenge.Rita RudnerWhen I want to end a relationship I just say, You know, I love you. I want to marry you. I want to have your children. Sometimes they leave skid marks.Brendan FrancisA man is already halfway in love with any woman who listens to him.Jim BishopWatching your daughter being collected by her date feels like handing over a million dollar Stradivarius to a gorilla.Albert EinsteinWomen marry men hoping they will change. Men marry women hoping they will not. So each is inevitably disappointed.Jacqueline BissetIdeally, couples need three lives: one for him, one for her and one for them together.

Lin Onuss Cultural Identity Seen in Fruit Bats Essay Example

Lin Onuss Cultural Identity Seen in Fruit Bats Essay Example Lin Onuss Cultural Identity Seen in Fruit Bats Paper Lin Onuss Cultural Identity Seen in Fruit Bats Paper He became a professional artist In the year of 1974, throughout his artistic life he became a exceedingly creative artist and arts administrator. From the very beginning of his days he was portrayed as an Ideal Australian, his cultural identity was clear. As he was born to an aboriginal father and a white mother, he was a living example of the conception that two people, even from different cultures, different upbringings and beliefs could come together as one. Two examples of artworks that demonstrate his cultural Identity are: Fruit Bats (1991 ) and Fruit Bats 1 991 Is a work that shows a combination of the two cultures that make Line Onus. This work visually shows the two societies slowly combining. The mall aspect of the artwork that shows the western cultures identity would be the hills hoist clothesline which is what the bats are hanging from. The Aboriginal aspects of this org that suggest the combining of the two different cultures are those such as the aboriginal symbol for bat droppings (Earner) which is in fact is made from the droppings from the bats hanging in this work. Another aboriginal characteristic of this work is that all ninety-nine fiberglass fruit bats have been painted with a type of Aboriginal pattering called rack. Not only do the traditional techniques used for the fruit bat droppings and patterns on each bat contrast with the current materials of today, they also contrast with the modern inspiration of these installations. The main characters in the work are the fruit bats these are presented as the link between the two cultures within one land. The droppings from these fruit bats could be interpreted to say the aboriginal culture is marking their territory. The fruit bats can therefore be seen to symbolism the will to repossess the land that rightfully belongs to the aboriginal people.

What personal responsibility do Ferdinand and Isabella bear for the Essay

What personal responsibility do Ferdinand and Isabella bear for the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1942 - Essay Example In order to deal with this issue, they introduced the Inquisition, but reports from the Inquisitors only confirmed their fears that converts to Christianity could not be considered secure in the faith until they could be prevented from having any contact with Jews. Shortly after the fall of Granada, with the Muslim threat quashed, and Christian emotion running high, they decided to move for expulsion. Therefore, they bear great personal responsibility, but it should be noted that they were heavily influenced by the Inquisition, and by political developments. It has often been suggested that in the period leading up to the expulsion edict, greater intolerance and anti-Semitism had been developing in Europe generally. From the 13th century onwards, what Gavin Langmuir termed ‘chimeric antisemitism’ arguably made itself felt in Europe (Peters, 17). Evidence of popular resentment against Jews, as the perceived enemies of Christendom, is plentiful. For example, there were massacres in the Rhineland in 1096, as the First Crusade began. Spanish society, which had hitherto been characterised chiefly by its peaceful coexistence, was not exempt from this trend towards anti-Semitism. Altabà © certainly adopts this viewpoint, as he states that ‘Muslim caliphs and Christian kings often referred to themselves with pride as emperors of the three religions’ (728). Until the 14th century, as Peters notes, the public life of the Iberian states was commonly termed convivencia, or ‘peacefully living together’ (9). Ca stile and Aragon were unique cases in Western Europe, in terms of their religious and cultural diversity. They had the most substantial populations of Muslims and Jews in the region, and despite the restrictions placed on the latter, Jews were still able to rise to positions of power, wealth and prominence. Jews were to be found among the advisers of the monarchs and lords, and many of the most exalted

Learning experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Learning experiences - Essay Example Bexley Public School, consisting of 320 and located in Sydney’s southern suburbs, is a middle-sized school perfect for this unit. This school has students from diverse backgrounds and cultures. The school takes pride in its diversity; 87.9% of students are from language backgrounds other than English (there are 34 different spoken languages in the school). The school provides a range of programs for children, such as joining the National Partnership for the students’ literacy to be enhanced. The school celebrate holidays such as Harmony Day, Mothers Day, Fathers Day, and Christmas. This unit is suitable for stage 1, year 2, as it teaches them about the different celebrations in their community. More specifically, it teaches them to accept and value the way other people celebrate the same celebrations but in different ways. For instance, there are different ways to celebrate a birthday. As there is a wide range of cultures, it is important for the students to understand the different types of celebrations and how they are celebrated so they can learn how to accept and tolerate people of other cultures. The students will be engaged in researching and participating in different celebrations, as well as talking to guest speakers to understand the unit of celebrations and differences between them. Also, the students must bring their own party decorations to see how each student celebrates. Students will need typing skills; hence, knowledge of Microsoft Word will be necessary. Students will be aware of the activities they will be doing in class. Each of the learning experiences involves hands-on activities that implements cooperative learning. Also, each learning experience commences with a discussion to check the children’s knowledge and whether they learnt anything from previous lessons. Hence, this will allow a discussion to be formed in which the students can make their own contributions to the topic. Hence, through this unit there will be a wide

Business questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business questions - Essay Example Leadership basically refers to people who have the capacity to bring about changes in other people. Organizations are characterized by the unique culture that is inherent in the overall working of the organization. Discussion of leadership with reference to large organization is as important as that of small one for the simple reasons that the leaders within the organizations, not only provide an intangible stability among the employees and facilitate integration with the system, but they have been known to promote collective vision of the organization and provide the necessary impetus to the employees to strive towards it. Leaders create visions and goals whereas the managers and administrators work towards achieving them. Organizations’ culture is a complex process of evolution and adjustment of the employees within a system over a period of time. The various aspects of the interactive elements of the organization, which may comprise of diverse ideologies and personal conflicts of the individuals, work together to produce a cohesive output representing the organizations unique objectives and goals. Organization’s culture is developed over a period of time with shared learning and becomes an intrinsic part of the work methodology characterized by the stability provided by the system and the integrated approach of the workers. It is therefore, difficult to dissect an organization’s culture in a short time. Though it is difficult to change an organization’s culture but good leadership is known to make visible changes in it. Leadership encourages innovation of ideas and adaptability to changes. Hence, leaders, who are visionary and are endowed with effective communication skill and cultural understanding, have the capability to influence the cultural identity of the group within the organization thus facilitating changes in the organization’s culture to adapt to the

Compare and contrast essay Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast essay Essay Brown Brothers; How Negative Stereotypes Affect Polynesian And Maori In New Zealand My demographic is: high school cleaning ladies, fast food burger-making, factory boxpacking, rubbish truck drivers, bus drivers, taxi drivers, sober drivers and living off the pension joy riders — I am a dropout. These are all ideas raised and challenged by Joshua Iosefos 2011 viral speech, Brown Brother. Brown Brother is one of three texts that will be examined, compared and contrasted in this essay. The second text, Manurewa, is a short film based on the South Auckland murder of Navtej Singh, a liquor shop owner. The third text is Fish Heads, a short story written by Aparina Taylor, that focuses on a group of Maori boys who live in the city. The media is a huge culprit for the negative stereotyping that has been brought upon pacifica people. Brown people are more than what they are portrayed to be through media. Films such as Manurewa reinforce many of the negative stereotypes that have been brought upon Pacific people. The stereotype of brown people is a negative one, one of unemployment, one of crime, one of violence. In Manurewa each one of these stereotypes were portrayed. The men in the short film were all unemployed, all committed crime and all showed violence. â€Å"Bro Town, Sione’s Wedding, and do I have to mention the GC? Now I dont mean to condescend I mean these shows are great, dont get me wrong but can anyone explain: will there ever be a time when our representation goes deeper than putting our own people to shame?† Joshua Iosefo, in his Brown Brother speech, spoke about this issue – how the media represents brown people in a negative light. He highlights how these types of shows create and enforce the stereotypes that brown people now have to live by. While these shows are meant to entertain, this negative reinforcement only show the bad side of Polynesian and Maori people. One of the major themes of the film Manurewa is about people being trapped by low expectations and invisible boundaries. People can become trapped from attaining success, trapped from fulfilling their potential, and trapped from being heard. The message in the film Manurewa is that not all brown  people are bad, but the expectations that their stereotypes have created for them along with the people that they are surrounded with often leads to them making horrific mistakes. In this true story, a good person has been surrounded with unemployed, violent people and ultimately ends up committing a murder. In the beginning of the film the boy shows that he does have love and passion in his heart through feeding and nurturing the horse. After the murder the three older men are happy and excited but the boy was completely distressed about what he had done. These two scenes clearly show that the boy is a good person who simply made a bad mistakes because of the people that he was surrounded by. When Joshua Iosefo performed Brown Brother at the Tedx conference, he explained how brown people are trapped because of expectations, and surroundings. Meaning that the expectations that have been set from the stereotypes as well as the people that they are surrounded by impact greatly and almost trap brown people from success. He used a box as an example, where he explained that each side of the box needs to be kicked down in order for Maori and Polynesian people to succeed. People need to make the change themselves through their own actions. Brown people need to stop being what the stereotypes expects them to be and need to start proving that they are better than the stereotype. In the short story, Fish Heads the Maori boys are short of money but they do not let this stop them. All four boys are employed, they all work for the little money that they have and they show that there is no reason to live the way that the stereotype expects them to live. They are not violent, they do not commit crimes and they do not drink alcohol excessively. They respect people and they are happy living a simple wholesome life. Similarly, Joshua Iosefo talks about beating the stereotype, about standing up and showing that you are better than the stereotype. â€Å"You can do all things through Christ, Philippians 4:13. You are more than capable. And I don’t say that just to make you feel better, I say that because I know. Cause your creator told me to tell you so. Yo u will go places, you will tell stories, so do not feel afraid or alone for your God and your family and your home will forever be inside the marrow of your bones. So do not fret, do not regret. For where you go, you take us with you. Brown brother, do not be afraid to be the first, the first to graduate, the first to climb, the first prime minister,  or the first good wife — brown brother, do not be afraid to be the change. Not in skin tone or colour, but a change in mindset. From one brown brother, to another†. These are the powerful words that Joshua pointed at people living under the expectations that the stereotype has set for them. This powerful message is aimed st those who have been beaten by the expectations that have been set by the stereotype. The three texts, Manurewa, Brown Brother and Fish Heads clearly illustrate that there are negative stereotypes and low expectations for Polynesians and Maori in New Zealand. These stereotypes can lead people to feel that they are stuck and defined by their stereotype. Joshua Iosefos speech, talked of the stereotype that was his demographic but also said that Polynesians needed to be responsible for overcoming or changing this stereotype. In the film Manurewa, the inability for Isaac to escape from this cycle of negativity lead the once caring teenager to associate with bad people and ultimately lead to him murdering an innocent man. Whereas in contrast, the text Fish Heads showed that if people are r emoved from negative environments and influences, they are able to live in a non-stereotypical way.

Freebasing on fight club Essay -- Film Review, Fincher

According to psychotherapist Isaac Marks, behavioral addictions involve, â€Å"routines of dysfunctional and purposeful behavior,† (10.4: 28). All humans engage in some form of addictive activities whether it gambling, eating disorders, hyper-sexuality, or even nervous tics. The severity of such addictions is founded in Freudian ideals of parenting and early childhood development. Addictions, whether chemical or behavioral, can consume one’s life when left unchecked. The cycle of addiction begins at first exposure and continues through until the addict dies or is rehabilitated. The film Fight Club, directed by David Fincher, is a representation of the cycle of addiction. Jack begins his cycle of addiction by trying to fill a void in his life. The world Jack lives in as well as the life he has created has no value or purpose. Jack works as a recall coordinator and his life is reduced to trips across the country to evaluate the cost benefit ratio of recalling malfunctioning cars while living out of suitcases. When at home Jack fills his prefabricated apartment with worthless mass produced IKEA furniture. Additionally, Jack suffers from insomnia and states that his lack of sleep makes him feel like â€Å"a copy of a copy of a copy,† (Fincher 1999). The sum of these emotions culminates in Jack feeling that his life is missing something. Psychotherapist Jason Ward writes in the Healthcare Counseling & Psychotherapy Journal that â€Å"the main features of addiction are obsession and compulsion, focused around an object or behaviour which, it is believed, will somehow bring transformation of the person's inner world,† (10.4: 25). Addict s are looking for something to make them feel whole, secure, or safe and Jack is no exception (10.4: 26).... ...hands is metaphoric of Jack tearing down the impediments of his addiction and thus the destruction of his self-hate and loneliness. While it was written more than six years before the release of Fight Club, the song A Drug Against War by the industrial band KMFDM relates the idea of behavioral addiction by stating, â€Å"No need for needles, no injection, this substance substitutes, love and affection,† (Konietzko et al). While this song pertains to war, its’ statements echo the cause behind Jack’s addiction. Indubitably this film is a portrayal of the character Jack’s descent into addiction. Behavioral addiction afflicts everyone but the depth is dependent on a lack of affection in the formative years of one’s life. Behavioral addictions occur when one uses a dysfunctional behavior to mask the pain in their lives and this is precisely what Jack does in this film. Freebasing on fight club Essay -- Film Review, Fincher According to psychotherapist Isaac Marks, behavioral addictions involve, â€Å"routines of dysfunctional and purposeful behavior,† (10.4: 28). All humans engage in some form of addictive activities whether it gambling, eating disorders, hyper-sexuality, or even nervous tics. The severity of such addictions is founded in Freudian ideals of parenting and early childhood development. Addictions, whether chemical or behavioral, can consume one’s life when left unchecked. The cycle of addiction begins at first exposure and continues through until the addict dies or is rehabilitated. The film Fight Club, directed by David Fincher, is a representation of the cycle of addiction. Jack begins his cycle of addiction by trying to fill a void in his life. The world Jack lives in as well as the life he has created has no value or purpose. Jack works as a recall coordinator and his life is reduced to trips across the country to evaluate the cost benefit ratio of recalling malfunctioning cars while living out of suitcases. When at home Jack fills his prefabricated apartment with worthless mass produced IKEA furniture. Additionally, Jack suffers from insomnia and states that his lack of sleep makes him feel like â€Å"a copy of a copy of a copy,† (Fincher 1999). The sum of these emotions culminates in Jack feeling that his life is missing something. Psychotherapist Jason Ward writes in the Healthcare Counseling & Psychotherapy Journal that â€Å"the main features of addiction are obsession and compulsion, focused around an object or behaviour which, it is believed, will somehow bring transformation of the person's inner world,† (10.4: 25). Addict s are looking for something to make them feel whole, secure, or safe and Jack is no exception (10.4: 26).... ...hands is metaphoric of Jack tearing down the impediments of his addiction and thus the destruction of his self-hate and loneliness. While it was written more than six years before the release of Fight Club, the song A Drug Against War by the industrial band KMFDM relates the idea of behavioral addiction by stating, â€Å"No need for needles, no injection, this substance substitutes, love and affection,† (Konietzko et al). While this song pertains to war, its’ statements echo the cause behind Jack’s addiction. Indubitably this film is a portrayal of the character Jack’s descent into addiction. Behavioral addiction afflicts everyone but the depth is dependent on a lack of affection in the formative years of one’s life. Behavioral addictions occur when one uses a dysfunctional behavior to mask the pain in their lives and this is precisely what Jack does in this film.